Executive Summary

The public return of AC co-founder and key propagandist Robert Rundo in June 2025 has led to a significant uptake in strategic messaging. His posts and videos serve as de facto leadership guidance without operational command for this "leaderless" movement, signaling what to emphasize and operationalize at the local level. Rundo aims to harmonize and accelerate the AC network's evolution by reinforcing core strategies (mainstream appearances, fitness, and brotherhood as recruitment, counterculture) while innovating by making infrastructure-building and violence-readiness a central objective. This combined message (lay low, build quietly, harden your community) can shape AC activities across multiple countries, potentially turning a currently loosely connected movement into a more disciplined, goal-driven network. Events in Lyon, France, in February 2026 have prompted a public call for violence-readiness.

Since the network’s creation in 2021, some ACs have demonstrated visible violent or violence-ready activity. Examples in 2025 include an alleged plot in the United States involving firearms and urban assault training foiled by the FBI, hate-crime assaults in Sweden,ETC. (2025). Tysk forskare larmar om Aktivklubbs beväpning: En skuggmilis. https://www.etc.se/inrikes/tysk-forskare-larmar-om-aktivklubbs-bevaepning-en-skuggmilis and alleged weapons stockpiling in Germany.BILD. (2025). Grosseinsatz in NRW: Razzia gegen bewaffnete Neonazi-Bande. https://www.bild.de/regional/nordrhein-westfalen/grosseinsatz-in-nrw-razzia-gegen-bewaffnete-neonazi-bande-68dc3013e12da109b804f877

There is a significant tension between the AC strategy of avoiding displaying firearms or Nazi-symbols to “hide in plain sight” and the multiple documented instances of members posing with firearms, SS-skulls, and tactical gear since the AC’s founding. Due to the absence of central operational leadership and the diversity of ACs in America and Europe, this can be understood either as disciplinary failures or evolutionary shifts.

Currently, the mapping of the ACs network is done by counting social media and messenger profiles that claim to represent ACs. However, differentiating between different categories of ACs and similar-looking groups based on intent, identity, and activity patterns can support in-depth strategy, activities, and threat assessment.

Key insights from recent officialThe “Will2Rise” and “AC X CENTRAL” channels on Telegram and Substack, as well as the Will2Rise Odysee video channel, reference each other and are considered the authoritative communication outlets where Robert Rundo publishes frequently. AC communications include:

Promotion of militant action: The killing of a 23-year-old French alleged right-wing extremist during clashes in Lyon, France, in early 2026 was used by Robert Rundo and affiliated AC channels to frame the death as a turning point. He is justifying violence and reinforcing the AC identity as fascist Blackshirts: “This is the turning. The nationalists aren’t asking permission anymore. They’re taking the field. From the cathedrals of old Europe to the concrete jungles of American cities, the black shirts rise again, not as cosplay, but as the vanguard.”Will2Rise (Substack). (2026). Where is Comrade Quentin Present? https://will2rise.substack.com/p/where-is-comrade-quentin-present

The calling for “black shirts (to) rise again” is a long-established violence-promoting narrative by Rundo.Counter Extremism Project. (2023). Hiding in Plain Sight: The Transnational Right-Wing Extremist Active Club Network. https://www.counterextremism.com/sites/default/files/2023-09/Hiding%20in%20Plain%20Sight_The%20Transnational%20RightWing%20Extremist%20Active%20Club%20Network_Sept%202023.pdf Black Shirts were fascist paramilitary units that emerged post-World War I in Italy,Cohen, L. (2022). Fascist Masculinities and Their Afterlives: Italian Fascism and the Politics of Embodiment. Feminist Economics. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1354571X.2022.2045454#abstract the United Kingdom,Bret Rubin. (2010). The Rise and Fall of British Fascism: Sir Oswald Mosley and the British Union of Fascists. Intersections. https://depts.washington.edu/chid/intersections_Autumn_2010/Bret_Rubin_The_Death_of_British_Fascism.pdf Germany (called Brown Shirts),Olson, Samantha. (2023). Political Agitators to Ideological Enforcers: Representations of the Brownshirts in Germany. University of Victoria. https://www.uvic.ca/humanities/history/assets/docs/olson-sam.pdf and the United States (called Black Legion/Silver Shirts).North Carolina History Project. (n.d.). William Dudley Pelley (1885–1965). https://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/william-dudley-pelley-1885-1965/; The Conversation. (2024). America Faced Domestic Fascists Before – and Buried That History. https://theconversation.com/america-faced-domestic-fascists-before-and-buried-that-history-268978 They were formed to protect fascist leaders and to violently attack political opponents.

Infrastructure over spectacle: Rundo’s new messaging aims to shift the movement’s focus away from episodic, high-visibility stunts toward durable real-world infrastructure: establishing private gyms, businesses, and closed networking events.Will2Rise (Substack). (2025). The Difference Between the American and European Active Club. https://will2rise.substack.com/p/the-difference-between-the-american This reflects a strategic pivot from short-term propaganda wins (“headline activism”) to long-term capacity-building, presented as essential for the movement’s survival and future mobilization.

Continued mainstreaming as a strategy: The continued emphasis on mainstream fitness culture and “brotherhood” content is a calculated tactic, not a sign of moderation.Counter Extremism Project. (2023). Hiding in Plain Sight: The Transnational Right-Wing Extremist Active Club Network. https://www.counterextremism.com/sites/default/files/2023-09/Hiding%20in%20Plain%20Sight_The%20Transnational%20RightWing%20Extremist%20Active%20Club%20Network_Sept%202023.pdf By (almost) looking like ordinary fitness clubs, ACs aim to reduce law-enforcement attention and broaden recruitment, all while quietly promoting extremist ideology and combat readiness for potential future violence.

The emergence of “Youth Active Clubs” and youth-focused propaganda: Recognizing that recruiting the next generation is critical for longevity, AC propagandists have tailored their messaging and infrastructure also to teenagers and very young adults.

Policy Recommendations for Prevention and Disruption

Treating ACs as combat-sports clubs or as mostly online propaganda groups would be a critical mistake. Their core strength lies in localized, real-world (offline) social networks that can rapidly activate members for targeted violence. A failure to recognize and monitor the associated “infrastructure of extremism”, e.g. private training facilities, movement-run businesses, will limit prevention efforts.

In counter-terrorism terms, ACs can function as incubators, expanding the pool of radicalized, physically capable, violence-ready individuals. When or if a faction or member/associate decides “it’s time,” they can draw on that pool. The unevenness of current violence (some clubs are violent, others are not) should not breed complacency; it may simply reflect that different chapters are at different stages on a potential escalation ladder.

Recommendations:

Update threat assessments: Governments should account for the new AC focus on infrastructure and violence-readiness by expanding monitoring to local AC participation in violent events, as well as physical venues and economic activities. Particular attention should be paid to a possible increase in violent crimes in the areas where ACs are active, even if these crimes are not initially recognizable as politically motivated. While many right-wing extremist attackers leave manifestos after attacks, violence by ACs will likely remain hidden until their Day XDay X in this context references to a time where the network or group moves to open violent action. See: Counter Extremism Project. (2023). Hiding in Plain Sight: The Transnational Right-Wing Extremist Active Club Network. https://www.counterextremism.com/sites/default/files/2023-09/Hiding%20in%20Plain%20Sight_The%20Transnational%20RightWing%20Extremist%20Active%20Club%20Network_Sept%202023.pdf is declared.

Enhance cross-border intelligence sharing and joint tracking: ACs network internationally, and so should governments. When there’s an indication of transnational meetups, use mechanisms like passenger name record (PNR) analysis and watchlisting to flag and share these movements.

Engage with the fitness community and venues as partners: Gym owners, martial arts instructors, and combat-sport event organizers should be seen as allies. Governments (through law enforcement outreach or sporting federations) should provide discreet briefings about ACs’ modus operandi, including regular updates.

Avoid stigmatizing lawful sport and association: Policies must be careful not to cast a net so wide as to infringe on civil liberties or antagonize communities unnecessarily. Setting clear criteria (as in the suggested Classification Framework) for what constitutes an AC can help here.

Establish an escalation ladder for threat response: Not all AC activity warrants the same response; a spectrum approach is needed. By calibrating response to activity, authorities avoid under- or over-reacting.

Prioritize monitoring and potential disruption of dedicated venues and network-linked enterprises. (For more information, please contact CEP)

Robert Rundo’s Post-Release Strategic Messaging

Rundo’s release from U.S. custody in December 2024 and return to active propaganda in June 2025 has been a galvanizing moment for the AC scene. His legal saga of being prosecuted and imprisoned for his role in violent political clashes has been woven into the movement’s narrative of “repression breeds resilience”.Los Angeles Times. (2025). Co-founder of California White Supremacist Group RAM to be Freed. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-12-13/cofounder-of-california-white-supremacist-group-ram-to-be-freed Within AC channels, Rundo is portrayed as a martyr-figure whose sacrifice validates the need for smarter tactics. This narrative is used to justify the adaptive measures (keeping a low profile, building infrastructure) as a way to survive government interventions.Will2Rise (Substack). (2025). The Difference Between the American and European Active Club. https://will2rise.substack.com/p/the-difference-between-the-american

Rundo’s messaging since June 2025 has been both a continuation of prior AC doctrine and an innovation in focus areas. As a decentralized network, ACs lack formal hierarchy, so Rundo’s statements function as influential guidance across AC chapters. His recent communications can be distilled into several key themes:

The turning point to violence: Following the killing of a 23-year-old French alleged right-wing extremist in Lyon in February 2026, Robert Rundo had framed the victim as a martyr and justification for militant resurgence. Rundo described the killing as “the turning” point that signaled the end of polite politics and the rise of physical confrontation.Will2Rise (Substack). (2026). Where is Comrade Quentin Present? https://will2rise.substack.com/p/where-is-comrade-quentin-present

Quentin didn't die for memes. He died standing guard, one against the mob, because he believed in something worth bleeding for. His blood on the Lyon pavement is the sacrament now, proof that the old rules are dead. The left's utopia of melting pots and money-worship is cracking everywhere, exporting its gang wars and tribal knives to places that used to be safe. This is the turning. The nationalists aren't asking permission anymore. They're taking the field. From the cathedrals of old Europe to the concrete jungles of American cities, the black shirts rise again, not as cosplay, but as the vanguard. Quentin's name echoes in every chant, every march. Honor him by becoming what he fought for: men who train, who act, who forge the legion.

Will2Rise Substack post (2026)Will2Rise (Substack). (2026). Where is Comrade Quentin Present? https://will2rise.substack.com/p/where-is-comrade-quentin-present

The calling for “black shirts (to) rise again” is a long-established violence-promoting narrative by Rundo.Counter Extremism Project. (2023). Hiding in Plain Sight: The Transnational Right-Wing Extremist Active Club Network. https://www.counterextremism.com/sites/default/files/2023-09/Hiding%20in%20Plain%20Sight_The%20Transnational%20RightWing%20Extremist%20Active%20Club%20Network_Sept%202023.pdf Black Shirts were fascist paramilitary units that emerged post-World War I in Italy,Cohen, L. (2022). Fascist Masculinities and Their Afterlives: Italian Fascism and the Politics of Embodiment. Feminist Economics. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1354571X.2022.2045454#abstract the United Kingdom,Bret Rubin. (2010). The Rise and Fall of British Fascism: Sir Oswald Mosley and the British Union of Fascists. Intersections. https://depts.washington.edu/chid/intersections_Autumn_2010/Bret_Rubin_The_Death_of_British_Fascism.pdf Germany (called Brown Shirts),Olson, Samantha. (2023). Political Agitators to Ideological Enforcers: Representations of the Brownshirts in Germany. University of Victoria. https://www.uvic.ca/humanities/history/assets/docs/olson-sam.pdf and the United States (called Black Legion/Silver Shirts).North Carolina History Project. (n.d.). William Dudley Pelley (1885–1965). https://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/william-dudley-pelley-1885-1965/; The Conversation. (2024). America Faced Domestic Fascists Before – and Buried That History. https://theconversation.com/america-faced-domestic-fascists-before-and-buried-that-history-268978 They were formed to protect fascist leaders and to violently attack political opponents.

Analysis: The narrative serves as a clear rhetorical escalation: it justified street violence as a defensive necessity, positioned the AC model as the solution, and was widely circulated in AC-linked channels across Europe and the U.S. Though not directly tied to ACs, the event became a transnational propaganda catalyst and reinforced the group’s call to violence-readiness.

On March 15, 2026, the AC official Substack profile claimed that ACs are not even about self-defense: “Effective self-defense and proficiency in hand-to-hand fighting is not the aim of Active Clubs, but it’s a useful side-effect that develops naturally within individuals and clubs’ sans intention; therefore, not premeditative and not engineered toward the initiation of racial or religious violence regardless of what some individuals posit.”Will2Rise (Substack). (2026). Addressing Misconceptions: Active Clubs Training for a Race War. https://substack.com/home/post/p-189984765

“White Nationalism 3.0” and mainstreaming: Before the incident in Lyon, Rundo reiterated the importance of a clean-cut, mainstream-friendly appearance. This is a continuity of the AC strategy white nationalism “3.0”:White Supremacy 3.0, called White Nationalism 3.0 or cultural model 3.0 by the Active Clubs themselves, should be understood in reference to other forms of RWE activism, in particular street activism by Skinheads (1.0) and suit-wearing alt-right keyboard warriors (2.0). Will2Rise (Substack). (2024). WN 3.0: A Look Back After 4 Years. https://will2rise.substack.com/p/wn-30-a-look-back-after-4-years avoid overt neo-Nazi or skinhead trappings while promoting hyper-masculine self-improvement, camaraderie, and cultural traditionalism. Analysis: By downplaying obvious extremist symbols and activities, Rundo’s guidance aims to reduce early law-enforcement pressure and maximize recruitment pools.

Infrastructure over spectacle: A novel emphasis in Rundo’s post-prison messaging is a call to build “real-world roots” and infrastructure. In a widely circulated New Year 2026 message, he is instructing ACs to prioritize securing dedicated gyms, housing, movement-owned businesses, and regular private gatherings.

Analysis: Rundo is setting a management agenda for the network: he wants ACs to evolve from loosely affiliated groups into community institutions. This guidance was well received by followers (e.g., multiple AC channels echoed and reposted the “2026: Year of Structure” message).

Parallel economy and self-sufficiency: Rundo’s communications frame economic and logistical self-reliance as core to the movement’s future. He promotes the creation of small businesses owned and operated by movement members. Analysis: The pitch is, in Rundo’s eyes, pragmatic: shared workplaces and enterprises keep members in daily contact, build trust, generate revenue, and reduce reliance on “system”-owned infrastructure. Rundo had promoted the concept of parallel economy and self-sufficiency before,Counter Extremism Project. (2023). Hiding in Plain Sight: The Transnational Right-Wing Extremist Active Club Network. https://www.counterextremism.com/sites/default/files/2023-09/Hiding%20in%20Plain%20Sight_The%20Transnational%20RightWing%20Extremist%20Active%20Club%20Network_Sept%202023.pdf but elevates it now to a primary 2026 project, envisioning a nationwide (and transnational) network of businesses as an alternative ecosystem.

Transatlantic cross-pollination: Rundo explicitly encourages U.S. ACs to learn from European extreme-right subcultures. In a January 2026 post, he argued European movements are more durable because they grew from offline venues like pubs, fight nights, and social clubs, only later leveraging the internet.Will2Rise (Substack). (2025). The Difference Between the American and European Active Club. https://will2rise.substack.com/p/the-difference-between-the-american Analysis: He frames Europe’s dense network of countercultural spaces as a model for the U.S., essentially urging American right-wing extremists to create similar “scene” density and everyday social hubs. This narrative functions both as inspiration and as instruction.

In summary, Rundo’s strategic messaging since his public reappearance in mid-2025 aims to harmonize and accelerate the AC network’s evolution. He has reinforced core tactics (mainstream appearances, fitness-as-recruitment, counterculture) while innovating by making infrastructure-building and self-sufficiency the central objectives. This combined message (lay low, build quietly, harden your community) is shaping AC activities across multiple countries, potentially turning a once loosely connected movement into a more disciplined, goal-driven network. After the events in Lyon in February 2026, Rundo has added a public call for violence-readiness.

Active Clubs: Militias hiding in plain sight?

ACs should not be read as ordinary (extreme-right) combat-sports groups. In 2023, Robert Rundo describes the network as “… the leaderless resistance, when all these clubs are engaging in the same kind of style activism, pushing for similar goals, those create a unified front, and it doesn’t even need a leader to it. It’s kind of like the minutemen in the early stages of the revolutionary war. There were different bands of minutemen in the different states but they acted all in conjunction with each other.”Robert Rundo (Odysee). (2023). 3.0 FM: About and Starting an Active Club. https://odysee.com/@will2rise:2/3.0-FM---About-and-starting-an-active-club:0 The minutemen were a citizen militia during the American Revolutionary War, ready for military duty “at a minute’s warning.”Encyclopedia Britannica. Minuteman. https://www.britannica.com/topic/minuteman

Also in 2023, Rundo referenced Josef Goebbels, Reichsminister for “Public Enlightenment and Propaganda” in Nazi Germany, and glorified Goebbels’ attempt to take over Berlin in the 1920s with 600 brown-shirted Sturmabteilung (SA) men.Counter Extremism Project. (2023). Hiding in Plain Sight: The Transnational Right-Wing Extremist Active Club Network. https://www.counterextremism.com/sites/default/files/2023-09/Hiding%20in%20Plain%20Sight_The%20Transnational%20RightWing%20Extremist%20Active%20Club%20Network_Sept%202023.pdf Rundo highlighted the importance of organizing men for and with a purpose. The SA was recruiting unemployed, working-class men, preferably veterans of World War I, for targeted political violence.

There is a significant tension between the AC strategy of avoiding displaying firearms or Nazi-symbols to “hide in plain sight” and the multiple documented instances of members posing with firearms, SS-skulls, and tactical gear since the AC’s founding. Due to the absence of central operational leadership and the diversity of ACs network, this can be understood either as disciplinary failures or evolutionary shifts.

Rundo highlighted the real objective of street activism as training for operational capacity, which would also be necessary for a militia to be effective: "A lot of people don't understand, but doing activism does really give you skills like coordination, planning, leadership, following rules and directions, getting guys in and out of places. For a night of stenciling or a banner drop, guys have to learn how to coordinate so they don't get arrested, get spotted by opponents, that they get in and out of there safely."Robert Rundo (Odysee). (2023). 3.0 FM: About and Starting an Active Club. https://odysee.com/@will2rise:2/3.0-FM---About-and-starting-an-active-club:0

These skills are much more needed for building operational and tactical capacities for a militia than for a combat-sports club. Also, compared to non-AC extreme-right fight clubs in Europe, the combat-sports skill level displayed in their own propaganda is often underwhelming. The official AC propaganda videos of tournaments and fights on Telegram mostly display a low skill level of the featured fighters. There are also discussions about the lack of skills in the comment sections of some of the AC-Telegram channels:Official AC propaganda videos of tournaments and fights can be found on Telegram and Odysee.

In summary, the increasing number of cases where AC-associated individuals are self-documenting or are being exposed preparing for violent acts involving weapons (including firearms) supports the assessment that the actual objective of the AC strategy is not to conduct combat-sports, but to prepare for militia-style targeted violence.

While publicly claiming to be mostly about sports and brotherhood, the AC x OFFICIAL Telegram channel has promoted the assessment of the author of this paper that the AC strategy is actually aiming to create a shadow militia.Counter Extremism Project. (2024). (Mis)Understanding the Transnational Violent Extreme-Right Active Club Strategy. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8FhX1cFm9jM

AC Youth Clubs: "Whoever captures the youth, captures the future."

Another significant development in 2025 has been the emergence of Youth ACs and youth-focused propaganda streams affiliated with the AC network. Recognizing that recruiting the next generation is critical for longevity, AC ideologues have tailored their messaging and infrastructure to teenagers and very young adults:

Youth-branded clubs: Several chapters launched what they explicitly call “Youth” wings or offshoots. These are often framed as fitness or self-improvement groups for teens, sharing workout videos, martial arts inspiration, and extremist memes targeted at high-school age.Telegram channel https://t.me/whiteyouthinrevolt

Lifestyle and aesthetics as bait: One main tactic of the AC strategy has been the use of “aesthetics” in social media channels that package extreme-right masculinity as an appealing lifestyle. “White Lads Aesthetics” serves as the main stylistic feeder into the network.Telegram channel https://t.me/WhiteLads It posts imagery of fit young men, motivational quotes about discipline, nostalgic/romantic depictions of tradition, quotes by philosophers, etc., with subtle underlying racial or militant cues. This can be understood as a soft-to-hard radicalization pipeline: start by attracting apolitical fitness enthusiasts or disaffected young men with cultural/gym content, then gradually introduce them to harder nationalist and neo-Nazi ideas once they’ve joined a local club or private chat.

Youth clubs as a strategic vehicle for attracting younger recruits: In a January 2026 podcast, Rundo presents youth clubs as a strategic vehicle for attracting younger recruits, building a distinct counterculture, and targeting young men in their own age cohort. He states the central premise explicitly: “whoever captures the youth, captures the future”,Will2Rise (Substack). (2026). Ferryman with Rundo on Active Club. https://will2rise.substack.com/p/ferryman-with-rundo-on-active-club a quote by Adolf Hitler.JSTOR. (2024). The Sociology of Extremism. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2262246 Youth-oriented channels and content are framed as essential to this effort, especially where they align with the current media environment and youth zeitgeist. In the podcast, this is illustrated through praise for a small AC youth Telegram channel that mixes “hype videos” with contemporary style and platform logic. Younger activists are assigned a particular role in keeping the movement culturally relevant by producing content, adapting to new trends, identifying resonant music and formats, and expanding visibility across platforms such as TikTok and other youth-facing platforms.

Emphasis on discipline: Rundo stresses that youth participation should be disciplined rather than reckless. Younger members are described as enthusiastic and willing, but also prone to unnecessary risk-taking.Will2Rise (Substack). (2026). Ferryman with Rundo on Active Club. https://will2rise.substack.com/p/ferryman-with-rundo-on-active-club The recommended outlet for this impulse, Rundo says, is not activism in the sense of uncontrolled confrontation, but physical training, especially combat-sports. Boxing and similar disciplines are presented as the appropriate channel through which young men should test themselves, develop toughness, and cultivate resilience. Rundo argues that this kind of controlled hardship is sufficient risk exposure in itself and that it builds confidence, self-possession, and readiness for later life. Rundo suggests that youth clubs are envisioned as structures that combine recruitment, subcultural production, discipline, and the early socialization of young men into a wider extreme-right (violent) activist milieu.

Introducing an AC Classification Framework

Currently, the mapping of the ACs network is done by counting social media and messenger profiles that claim to represent ACs. However, differentiating between different categories of ACs and similar-looking groups based on intent, identity, and activity patterns can support in-depth strategy, activities, and threat assessment. This is relevant because the AC founders, who advocate for the creation of a covert militia that appears to be a sports group (see above), make that distinction.Robert Rundo (Odysee). (2023). 3.0 FM: About and Starting an Active Club. https://odysee.com/@will2rise:2/3.0-FM---About-and-starting-an-active-club:0 The table below is designed to aid practitioners, researchers, or law enforcement in this regard.

Category	Key Characteristics	If-Then Classification Rule
Category 1: Confirmed Active Club	Publicly uses AC branding and “3.0” framing. Shows sustained offline training (Mixed Martial Arts/MMA, lifting) and documented street activism. Content is frequently validated/reposted by central hubs like AC x OFFICIAL.	If a group uses AC branding, shows regular offline activity, and is amplified by the central network, then classify as Category 1.
Category 2: Aspiring / Wannabe	Uses AC symbols and narratives online. Lacks evidence of consistent offline activity, physical infrastructure, or “real-world” activism.	If a group adopts the aesthetic but lacks a verified offline presence, then classify as Category 2.
Category 3: AC-Adjacent (High Risk)	Shares similar aesthetics and training (MMA/Hiking) but avoids specific AC branding. May follow different ideological anchors like accelerationism or neo-Nazism.	If a group mimics the “3.0” style without the AC identity, then classify as Category 3.
Category 4: Legacy extreme-right Combat-Sports	Focuses on tournaments and legacy scene-building. Often displays an intimidating, overt extremist appearance (tattoos, symbols) that violates the “3.0” mainstreaming-optics strategy.	If a group prioritizes public spectacle and legacy subcultures over discreet cell-building, then classify as Category 4.

Edge cases: The AC strategy also allows for one-person ACs, either as a start-up or if there are no opportunities to recruit more members. Some ACs have dropped the AC label (e.g. AC Scotland), possibly to reduce scrutiny by authorities, but they continue their activities. Some groups have partially integrated the AC label, but have not adopted the AC 3.0 model fully (e.g. Sons of Hengist).