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Turkey's Approach to Countering Terrorism
Turkey maintains open relations with internationally sanctioned extremist groups and harbors internationally sanctioned and wanted extremists affiliated with the Taliban, the Muslim Brotherhood, and Hamas. Taliban officials maintain a presence in Turkey, while several Brotherhood leaders sought refuge there after the collapse of the Brotherhood government in Egypt. Hamas has operated a bureau in Istanbul since 2012.
Turkey has not devoted the appropriate resources to monitoring the financial workings of its non-profit sector, according to the U.S. Department of State. In particular, the NGO Turkish Humanitarian Relief Foundation faces international accusations of aiding Syrian rebel forces, al-Qaeda, and Hamas.
Overview
Longtime U.S. ally Turkey—a member of the Global Coalition to Counter ISIS and NATO—has supported and harbored international terrorist organizations and individuals. The Turkish government has lent support to the Muslim Brotherhood,* Hamas,* and Syrian rebel groups.* Turkey continues to harbor members of the Muslim Brotherhood who sought refuge in the country after the 2015 fall of the Brotherhood government in Egypt.*
According to the U.S. Department of State, Turkey is host to terrorist organizations with links to narcotics trafficking. As such, the U.S. government has declared Turkey “vulnerable to money laundering and terrorist finance risks.”* Further, the Turkish government has allowed terror-linked charities to operate within the country. Most prominently, the Turkish Humanitarian Relief Foundation (IHH) has been linked to al-Qaeda,* Hamas,* Syrian rebel groups,* and foreign fighters in Chechnya, Bosnia, and Afghanistan.*
Direct Funding and Government Support
The Turkish government has provided direct funding and support for various extremist organizations operating within the country. These groups include the Taliban, the Taliban-affiliated Haqqani network,* the Muslim Brotherhood,* and Hamas.* The Turkish government has allowed members of these groups to openly reside in the country, as well as address government officials and functions.
Taliban
The Taliban is an Afghanistan- and Pakistan-based jihadist insurgent group that has carried out numerous deadly terrorist attacks in the region, including the shooting of Malala Yousafzai in Pakistan’s Swat Valley in October 2012, the December 2015 assault on Kandahar Air Field which left 50 dead, and the December 2014 massacre at the army-run school in Peshawar that killed 148 people, 132 of whom were schoolchildren. Taliban insurgents and ISIS militants in eastern Afghanistan have cooperated against the Afghan government since mid-2016. The Haqqani network is a militant branch of the Afghan Taliban operating in Afghanistan and Pakistan, though it operates independently. Since the 2001 overthrow of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, the Haqqani network has been a lethal and sophisticated arm of the Afghan insurgency against the Western-backed government in Kabul.
Taliban Designated by:
Canada, EU, France, Kazakhstan, New Zealand, Russia, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United Nations, United States
Haqqani network designated by:
United Nations, United States
Turkish Support:
- Beginning in late 2017, members of the Taliban have met with Afghan officials in Turkey for peace talks. In January 2018, Taliban spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid stated that the Taliban members meeting in Turkey do not represent the group. Mawlawi Abdul Rauf, leader of the Turkish delegation, said that his group represents all Taliban factions, including the Haqqani network.*
- In 2012, Turkey sought to host a Taliban office in the country. The Taliban instead opened its office in Qatar.*
- The Haqqani network has facilitated the travel of jihadist foreign fighters into and through Turkey since at least 2013, according to the U.S. government.*
Muslim Brotherhood
The Muslim Brotherhood—founded in Egypt in 1928—is a transnational Islamist organization with branches worldwide. In the 1950s, Brotherhood theologian Sayyid Qutb legitimized the use of violent jihad—and the killing of secular Muslims—in order to implement sharia. Analysts argue that the Brotherhood’s ideology has spawned groups such as al-Qaeda and ISIS.
Designated by:
Bahrain, Egypt, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates
Turkish Support:
- Members of Turkey’s leading Justice and Development Party (AKP)—including Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan—have provided various forms of support to the Brotherhood, including granting asylum to wanted Brotherhood members and equipping them with satellite television and radio stations. Despite being charged in absentia by the Egyptian government, some Brotherhood fugitives have been allowed to openly congregate in Turkey and organize against the Egyptian government.*
- Turkey allows a handful of pro-Brotherhood media stations to operate within the country. Stations such as Rabia TV, al-Sharq, and al-Watan (formerly Misr Alaan)—run by exiled Egyptian Brotherhood members such as former Secretary-General Mahmoud Hussein and Brotherhood politician Basim al-Khafagy—often broadcast pro-Islamist messaging including glorified accounts of Brotherhood clashes with the Egyptian government and threats directed at Western-owned companies in Egypt to leave the country.* In February 2015, these channels broadcasted threats against Egypt.* This followed a January 29, 2015, broadcast on Rabia TV warning foreign nationals to leave Egypt or face violence.*
Hamas
The ruling terror party of the Gaza Strip, Hamas openly seeks the destruction of Israel. The group uses suicide bombings, rocket and mortar attacks, shootings, and kidnappings in pursuit of its stated objectives.
Designated by:
Australia, Canada, Egypt, EU, Israel, Japan, Jordan, New Zealand, United Kingdom, United States
Turkish Support:
- In 2012, Hamas’s leadership fled Syria after the outbreak of that country’s civil war. Hamas military leader Saleh Arouri first relocated to Turkey, where he was suspected of building a Hamas bureau in Istanbul. Arouri directed and financed Hamas military cells in the West Bank and Jordan, according to the U.S. Treasury, which accuses Arouri of facilitating the transfer of hundreds of thousands of dollars to Hamas’s militant activities.*
- Prior to Khaled Meshaal’s May 2017 retirement as Hamas’s political bureau chief, the Turkish government regularly engaged with Meshaal.* Meshaal reportedly met with Iranian officials and Turkish officials in the country.* In December 2014, he made a surprise appearance at the ruling Justice and Development Party’s annual congress.* Meshaal stepped down as Hamas’s political bureau chief in May 2017.*
- Turkish authorities have reportedly overseen Hamas military training exercises in the country. Hamas operatives in Turkey have actively recruited Palestinians living in Turkey, Jordan, Syria, and other Arab countries. The recruits are sent to the bureau in Istanbul, where they reportedly receive security clearances and begin training outside of the city, allegedly with the knowledge of Turkish officials. In addition, many of the weapons used by Hamas operatives in the West Bank were reportedly supplied by the group’s Istanbul bureau.* In December 2015, the Turkish government expelled Arouri, reportedly at Israel’s request, as part of a reconciliation agreement between the two countries.*
- Following the June 2016 reconciliation deal between Turkey and Israel, former Hamas official Ahmed Youssef told media that Turkey’s willingness to discuss the agreement with Hamas demonstrated that “Hamas-Turkish ties are at their best.”* Further, Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu pledged that his government would continue to meet with Hamas leaders.*
- In August 2017, Israel’s Shin Bet security agency uncovered a Hamas money-laundering ring that transferred funds from Turkey to the West Bank. Turkey-based Hamas operative Haron Nasser al-Din allegedly transferred approximately $200,000 to the West Bank between 2016 and 2017.*
- In February 2017, Israeli authorities arrested Muhammad Murtaja, coordinator of the Gaza branch of the Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TIKA), as he was allegedly attempting to travel to Turkey at the behest of Hamas members there. According to the indictment against him, Murtaja was part of a Hamas plot to appropriate funds from TIKA.*
- The Turkish government condemned the U.S. government’s January 2017 sanction-designation of Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh. Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman Hami Aksoy called Hamas “an important reality of Palestinian political life.”*
Harboring Terrorist Leaders and Financiers
Turkey harbors internationally designated and wanted extremist leaders.
Amr Darrag Senior Muslim Brotherhood Member
- Founding member of the Egyptian Brotherhood’s outlawed Freedom and Justice Party (FJP) on whose platform Mohammed Morsi ran for president.*
- Served as Egypt’s former minister of planning and international cooperation during the last two months of Morsi’s presidency.*
- Claims he was warmly received in Turkey in September 2014.*
- Heads the Egyptian Institute for Political and Strategic Studies in the Istanbul suburb of Yenibosna.*
Mahmoud Ezzat Acting Supreme Guide of the Muslim Brotherhood
- Assumed the role of acting supreme guide in August 2013 following the arrest and imprisonment of then-supreme guide Mohammed Badie.* The role places Ezzat in charge of the entire Muslim Brotherhood movement.*
- Ezzat has been a member of the Brotherhood since his teenage years and has served numerous jail terms for his opposition to the Egyptian government.*
- In November 2015, Ezzat reportedly flew out of Egypt despite warrants issued for his arrest two years prior.*
- Believed to operate out of Turkey.*
Mahmoud Hussein Secretary-General of the Muslim Brotherhood, Member of the Shura Council
- Served as the group’s secretary-general since 2010, though the position is contested by members of the Brotherhood’s revolutionary youth.*
- Served several prison terms in Egypt for involvement in the Muslim Brotherhood.*
- Reportedly moved to Turkey in September 2014.*
Talaat Fahmi Spokesman for the Muslim Brotherhood
- Appointed spokesman in December 2015.*
- Reportedly based in Turkey since 2015.*
Ahmed Abdel Rahman Head of the Egyptian Brotherhood’s Office for Egyptians Abroad
- Rahman is a longtime member of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. As head of the Office for Egyptians Abroad, Rahman manages the affairs of exiled Brotherhood members, as well as the activities of younger leaders on the ground in Egypt.*
- Rahman is reportedly based in Istanbul.* In April 2015, a group of exiled, Istanbul-based Brotherhood members announced the establishment of the Office for Egyptians Abroad under Rahman’s leadership.*
Gula Khan Hamidi Haqqani Network Member
- In January 2018, the U.S. government sanction-designated Hamidi for assisting in or providing financial, material, or technological support to the Haqqani network. The government accused Hamidi of facilitating the travel of Haqqani members from Pakistan to Turkey.*
- Allegedly facilitated the travel of foreign fighters through Turkey. According to the U.S. Treasury Department, Hamidi “facilitated the movement of two groups of foreign fighters to Turkey from Pakistan” in 2013 and also “coordinated the travel of al Qaeda and Tehrik-e Taliban Pakistan associates to Turkey” in October 2014.*
- Allegedly operates in Istanbul, Turkey, as well as Afghanistan.*
Abdul Rauf Purported Leader of the Taliban Delegation in Turkey
- Represented the Taliban in Turkey-based negotiations with the Afghan government since late 2017. Rauf has said that his group represents all Taliban factions—including the Haqqani Network—except “individuals who are not willing to opt for intra-Afghan peace talks and who want to talk through Americans.”* >
- Rauf previously served as a governor for the Taliban regime from 1996 to 2001.*
Zaher Jabarin Hamas financial manager, recruiter, senior military commander
- A convicted Hamas terrorist who was released from an Israeli prison in 2011 as part of a prisoner exchange deal for captured Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit. Following his release, Jabarin resettled in Turkey and rejoined Hamas as a senior leader.*
- Recruited individuals to facilitate money laundering operations for Hamas in Turkey.* Two of these individuals, Turkish national Cemil Tekeli and Arab-Israeli citizen Durgham Jabarin (no relation), were arrested in Israel in January 2018.* Zaher Jabarin allegedly recruited Tekeli to help Hamas members set up businesses, acquire visas, and obtain commercial property in Turkey.*
Government Support
The Turkish government has allowed terror-linked charities to operate within the country. The German, Israeli, and Russian governments have accused Turkish NGOs of providing material support to extremist groups.*
Turkish Humanitarian Relief Foundation
The Turkish Humanitarian Relief Foundation (“İHH İnsani Yardım Vakfı,” or IHH) is a Turkey-based international charity established in 1992 to aid Bosnian Muslims. IHH is active in more than 100 countries.* The charity stands accused of ties to al-Qaeda, Hamas, and foreign fighters in Bosnia, Chechnya, and Afghanistan.*
Links to Terrorism
- In April 2016, the Russian government accused Turkish NGOs Besar Foundation, the Iyilikder Foundation, and the Turkish Humanitarian Relief Foundation (IHH) of providing weapons and material support to Syrian rebel groups. Russia’s U.N. Ambassador Vitaly Churkin accused the three groups of being fronts for Turkey’s MIT intelligence agency to provide support to rebel forces in the Syrian civil war.*
- In January 2014, Turkish police raided the IHH’s offices in the Turkish city of Kilis as part of a series of raids in six cities against individuals suspected of al-Qaeda links, according to the government. IHH denied the allegations. * Also that month, Turkish security forces stopped an IHH truck at the Syrian-Turkish border that was carrying weapons and ammunition into Syria. The drivers reportedly claimed they were transporting aid on behalf of the IHH. The IHH and Turkish Interior Minister Efkan Ala denied the accusations.*
- Syrian rebels have linked the IHH to the Muslim Brotherhood. In 2012, Syrian rebels from the Free Syrian Army told the United Kingdom’s Times that a ship carrying supplies from Libya had been designated for the FSA. But upon arrival, the rebels discovered that the ship had been registered to the IHH. An FSA member accused the Brotherhood of using its ties in Turkey and “seizing control of this ship and the cargo. This is what they do. They buy influence with their money and guns.”*
- Germany outlawed the IHH’s German branch in 2010 because the Turkish group “fights against Israel’s right to exist,” according to then-Interior Minister Thomas de Maiziere. IHH challenged the ruling, but a German federal administrative court upheld the decision in April 2012 because it found the IHH had made financial contributions to Hamas.*
- Israel banned the IHH in 2008 as part of a larger ban of international charities belonging to the umbrella of the Hamas-linked Union of Good charity.* On May 31, 2010, the IHH organized an aid flotilla to the Gaza Strip, which sought to break an Israeli naval blockade of Gaza. Israeli forces boarded the lead ship, the Mavi Mamra, resulting in the deaths of nine activists who violently resisted.* In June 2010, a bipartisan group of 87 U.S. senators called for the U.S. government to investigate designating the IHH as a foreign terror group.*
- During the 1990s, IHH allegedly contributed money to foreign fighters in Bosnia, Chechnya, and Afghanistan.* Retired French investigating judge Jean-Louis Bruguiere investigated the IHH in the 1990s as head of the French judiciary’s counterterrorism unit. IHH “were basically helping Al Qaeda when (Usama) bin Laden started to want to target U.S. soil,” Bruguiere told the Associated Press. Members of the so-called Fateh Kamel network worked at IHH as a cover while plotting Los Angeles International Airport on behalf of al-Qaeda. “It was too systematic and too widespread for the NGO (non-governmental organization) not to know,” according to Bruguiere. IHH denied any links to terrorism.*
Snapshot of Qatari Counterterrorism Legislation and Initiatives
Definition of Terrorism: Following the March 13, 2016, bombing in central Ankara, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan demanded that the definition of “terrorist” be expanded to include those who support terrorism. According to Erdoğan, such individuals might include activists, lawmakers, or journalists.* He said: “Their titles as an MP, an academic, an author, a journalist do not change the fact that they are actually terrorists. An act of terror is successful because of these supporters, these accomplices.”*
Anti-Money Laundering/Countering Terrorism Finance (AML/CTF): Turkey is a member of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). Within Turkey’s Ministry of Finance is the Financial Intelligence Unit (MASAK), which cooperates with similar international agencies to support FATF and implement its recommendations.* According to the U.S. Department of State, the Turkish government does not regularly review its non-profit sector or provide “adequate anti-money laundering/CFT outreach or guidance.”* More than 5,500 foundations and 100,000 associations are licensed through the General Director of Foundations, but there are too few auditors to appropriately monitor compliance with AML/CFT regulations. The State Department further believes that Turkey has focused its CTF efforts primarily on the PKK and the Gullen movement.*
Countering Violent Extremism: Turkey has several government programs to counter extremism. One is an outreach program administered by the Turkish National Police (TNP) that seeks to prevent radicalization through early contact with at-risk communities. This program aims to reach vulnerable populations before they are exposed to extremist propaganda and messages. The government’s Directorate of Religious Affairs, the Diyanet, oversees 85,000 mosques in the country while promoting a more moderate version of Islam and weakening radical Islamist messaging. The Diyanet tries to accomplish this aim by reinterpreting religious texts and teaching religious education under a more modern framework, and by staffing mosques with Diyanet officials.*
Policy Prescriptions
In order to better combat terrorism and terrorist financing, Turkey will need to fully enforce its own counterterrorism policies and increase the resources devoted to monitoring and countering terrorism financing, in particular within the non-profit sector.
Specifically, the United States must incentivize Ankara to:
- Arrest or expel all wanted and internationally designated individuals inside its borders, including the seven people outlined by CEP’s TURKEY-HARBORS campaign
- Expel or arrest all members of the Taliban, Haqqani network, Muslim Brotherhood, and Hamas delegations currently residing or operating inside Turkey
- Halt all direct support—financial, material, and strategic—to internationally designated terrorist organizations
- Allocate appropriate resources to government oversight of the non-profit sector to prevent abuse by criminal and extremist elements
- Investigate and close non-government organizations and charities with ties to international extremist movements