The Muslim Brotherhood maintains a presence in Jordan as a legal government opposition group. However, the movement has fractured as reformists seek to cut ties to the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood and shift the focus of the Brotherhood’s Jordanian branch to domestic issues and away from a Palestinian agenda. With a conflicted Brotherhood, Jordan’s Islamists have moved closer to the country’s banned Salafist-jihadist movement. Jordan’s Salafist movement has facilitated the flow of foreign fighters to Syria, largely to fight with the al-Qaeda-linked Nusra Front. (Sources: Reuters, Associated Press, Al-Monitor, Al-Monitor)

Jordan’s Salafist movement has facilitated the flow of foreign fighters to Syria, largely to fight with the al-Qaeda-linked Nusra Front.

An influx of Syrian refugees into Jordan since 2011 has further strained the country economically. According to the U.N. High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR), 629,128 registered Syrian refugees resided in Jordan in refugee camps and urban areas as of June 17, 2015. Over 80 percent of Syrian refugees live in urban areas of the country. Security officials worry smugglers, jihadists, and spies will enter Jordan from Syria disguised as refugees. (Sources: Washington Times, Al-Monitor, UNHCR, UNHCR, UNHCR, Irish Times, Economist, European University Institute)

Women in particular have suffered at the hands of extremists beholden to tribal values of family honor. An official average of 20 women are killed annually in Jordan by male family members in so-called honor killings because they supposedly disgraced their families. Human rights groups believe the number to be higher as Jordanian authorities reportedly do not record all incidents. Though the penalty for murder is death, Jordanian courts often commute sentences for honor killings. (Sources: Al-Monitor, Al-Monitor, Agence France-Presse)

Jordan is part of the U.S.-led coalition fighting against ISIS in Iraq and Syria. Jordan intensified its airstrikes against ISIS following the terror group’s murder of a Jordanian air force pilot in early 2015. Jordan is also participating in the Saudi Arabia-led coalition against Iran-backed Houthi rebels in Yemen. The Jordanian government has also implemented new anti-terrorism restrictions in an effort to curb the spread of jihadist groups.

Homegrown Radicalization

According to experts, Jordan’s Islamist groups are growing in numbers and are becoming increasingly violent. Analysts estimated in early 2015 that ISIS and other jihadi groups had about 9,000 to 10,000 Jordanian supporters, including 2,000 fighters who have left for Syria. The Jordanian Council on Foreign Relations noted that between 2012 and 2014, the price of a Kalishnikov rifle—a preferred weapon of violent extremists—in Jordan dropped from $2,000 to $500 in a sign of the rifle’s increasing availability. In the latter half of 2014, Jordan arrested 200 to 300 Islamist militants. In November 2014, the Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs claimed it had prevented 25 radical preachers from delivering extremist sermons. (Sources: Al-Monitor, Associated Press)

Jordanian analysts blame the rise in extremism on rampant unemployment and the widening income gap between Jordan’s rich and poor. “The failure of governance fed the extremist camp,” according to one Jordanian politician. (Source: Business Insider, Reuters)

Salafist Movement

Jordan’s Salafist movement seeks to implement sharia law in the country. Despite being officially banned, the Salafist movement continues to attract new followers in Jordan to their jihadist cause. The Salafists adhere to an ultra-conservative form of Sunni Islam that considers Shiite Muslims—and even non-militant Sunni Muslims—to be infidels. Analysts credit Jordanian Islamist Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi with militarizing Jordan’s Salafist movement in the 1990s. (Source: Hudson Institute)

Despite being officially banned, the Salafist movement continues to attract new followers in Jordan to their jihadist cause.

According to Jordanian Salafist leader Mohammad al-Chalabi, a.k.a. Abu Sayyaf, interest in Salafi jihadism rose after the Arab Spring. In Jordan’s Maan province, analysts found Salafist-jihadist preachers attracted the most worshippers, followed by pro-government preachers, and then the Muslim Brotherhood. Analysts blame economic disparity and the Syrian civil war for fueling the ideology’s spread. (Sources: BBC News, Associated Press, The National, Reuters, Al-Monitor, Al-Monitor, Stars and Stripes, Al-Monitor, Al-Monitor)

Al-Chalabi served a seven-year prison sentence for his role in a failed 2003 plot against U.S. and Western diplomatic missions in Jordan. After the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, al-Chalabi said he was “happy to see the horror in America,” adding, “American blood isn’t more precious than Muslim blood.” The Salafist movement is “the only one that practices jihad against the Americans and the Zionists,” according to al-Chalabi. He also believes that ISIS wants only to consolidate its position in Iraq and Syria and poses no threat to Jordan. (Sources: Associated Press, Associated Press, BBC News, Al-Monitor, Stars and Stripes)

Palestinian Extremism

According to the U.N. Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), Jordan is home to more than 2 million registered Palestinian refugees, almost 370,000 of whom live in 10 refugee camps. Tensions between Israel and the Palestinians always have an effect on Jordan’s population, according to government officials. Protesters frequently call for the cancelation of Jordan’s 1994 peace treaty with Israel, a demand the government has thus far rejected. (Sources: UNRWA, Al-Monitor)

During the 1960s, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and its member organizations used Jordan as a base for terrorist attacks against Israel. In September 1970, multiple hijackings by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) led to the bloody Jordanian crackdown on the PLO known as Black September. Jordan subsequently expelled the PLO in 1971.

Since Jordan’s treaty with Israel, flare-ups between Israel and the Palestinians have resulted in widespread protests inside Jordan. Jordan’s Hashemite monarchy has maintained guardianship over the Al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem since 1924. After Israel captured east Jerusalem from Jordan in the 1967 Six Day War, Jordan retained responsibility for the mosque. The mosque—Islam’s third holiest site and built on the Temple Mount, Judaism’s holiest site—is often a flashpoint of conflict between Israelis and Palestinians. Recently, Jordanians took to the streets again in July 2014 to protest Israel’s offensive against Hamas in the Gaza Strip. (Source: Reuters)

Hamas

Hamas’s leadership based itself in Jordan in the 1990s, and former Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal is himself a Jordanian citizen. In September 1997, Israel reportedly attempted to poison Meshaal, but supplied the antidote after Jordan threatened to reverse its 1994 peace treaty with Israel. In 1999, Jordan banned Hamas and arrested several of its leaders. Jordan expelled Meshaal and three other Hamas representatives that November. (Sources: CNN, Washington Post, New York Times)

After a 10-day trip to Jordan in July 2012, Meshaal claimed that Hamas and the Jordanian government had reconciled, though Hamas had committed to not involve Jordan’s Palestinian population in its activities. According to Meshaal, the new relationship focused on four principles: “The safety and stability of Jordan; Hamas’s non-intervention in internal Jordanian affairs; Hamas’ non-intervention in affairs concerning the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan; and finally on Palestinian-Jordanian relations.” In 2013, Jordan reportedly refused a Hamas request to reopen its offices in the kingdom. Nonetheless, the U.S.-designated terror group and its members have found sources of support in Jordan. (Sources: Times of Israel, Gatestone Institute)

In September 2014, a federal jury in New York City found Jordan-based Arab Bank guilty of facilitating payments to Hamas during the early 2000s. The judgement stemmed from a civil lawsuit filed by 297 U.S. citizens, including survivors and the families of victims of 24 Hamas attacks in Israel. It was the first time a bank was held liable in a civil lawsuit for terrorism-related crimes. In July 2015, a Jordanian state security court sentenced 12 to prison for a Hamas plot to carry out violent attacks in the West Bank. The defendants reportedly received bomb-making training in both Jordan and the Gaza Strip. (Source: New York Times, Associated Press)

Jordanian citizen Ahlam Ahmad al-Tamimi was the first female member of Hamas’s armed wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, and is one of the FBI’s most wanted female terrorists. In 2003, Tamimi was sentenced to 16 life sentences in Israel for directly aiding the August 9, 2001, Hamas suicide bombing of the Sbarro pizzeria in Jerusalem, which killed 15 people, including two Americans. The bombing wounded 130 others. Tamimi coordinated the attack and drove bomber Izz al-Din Shuheil al-Masri to the target in Jerusalem. (Sources: Haaretz, Jerusalem Post, Jerusalem Post, Ezzedeen AL-Qassam Brigades - Information Office)

Tamimi was one of more than 1,000 prisoners released in October 2011 in a prisoner swap agreement with Hamas for captured IDF officer Gilad Shalit. Tamimi was deported to Jordan, where she has continued to live freely while publicly maintaining her support of Hamas. The United States has called on Jordan to extradite Tamimi, but Jordanian courts have ruled that the country’s 1995 extradition treaty with the United States is invalid because it was never ratified by parliament. (Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, Haaretz, Jerusalem Post)

In December 2019, the United States passed legislation threatening to sever financial aid to any country that ignores a U.S. extradition request of somebody indicted for a criminal offense that carries a life sentence. On April 30, 2020, seven members of the U.S. House of Representatives wrote a joint letter to Jordan’s ambassador to the United States, Dina Kawar, calling for Tamimi’s extradition. The representatives drew attention to the 2019 sanctions legislation that would punish counties with diplomatic relations that refuse legitimate extradition requests. Signatories to the letter included U.S. Representatives W. Gregory Steube, Paul A. Gosar, Doug Lamborn, Scott Perry, Ted S. Yoho, Brian Mast, and Louis Gohmert. (Sources: Jewish News Syndicate, Times of Israel, CEP)

On March 8, 2021, Interpol dropped its arrest warrant for Tamimi. On July 11, 2022, the U.S. National Security Council released a statement reiterating that the U.S. government still seeks Tamimi’s extradition. The United States has unsuccessfully continued to seek Tamimi’s extradition. On February 3, 2025, the Qatar-linked, London-based news website New Arab reported that Jordan had asked Hamas to find another country to host Tamimi within 24 hours or else it would allow U.S. extradition. According to the New Arab’s Arabic-language Qatari branch, Al-Araby Al-Jadeed, Jordan issued the message to Hamas’s leadership in Qatar. Jordanian parliamentarians reportedly sought immediate clarification from the government, which did not immediately comment. Jordan’s Speaker of Parliament Ahmed Safadi later denied the reports, claiming they were “not accurate.” (Sources: Jerusalem Post, Associated Press, New Arab, Middle East Monitor)

Jordan is further affected by Hamas’s external attacks. On October 7, 2023, Hamas launched a largescale attack on Israel, killing more than 1,200 and injuring more than 4,000. The attack launched a war between Hamas and Israel. Jordan’s proximity to the conflict is not only geographical, but also cultural, as a large percentage of Jordan’s population have Palestinian roots. Jordan and Israel have a standing peace accord, but in November 2023 Jordan warned Israel that any attempt to forcibly push Palestinians from the West Bank into Jordan would be considered “a declaration of war” and a “material breach of the peace treaty.” (Sources: New York Times, New York Times, NPR, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Reuters)

The Muslim Brotherhood

The Muslim Brotherhood is Jordan’s oldest political movement. It marked its 70th anniversary on May 1, 2015. It has primarily been a non-violent organization, although it has supported Palestinian violence against Israel. Legally, the Brotherhood in Jordan dissolved in June 1956 following a reorganization in 1953. In an example of the group’s long political standing, the Brotherhood won 22 of 80 parliamentary seats in 1989 under the banner “Islam is the Solution,” the slogan of the global Muslim Brotherhood. After King Hussein banned political groups with foreign political ties in 1992, the Brotherhood created a new political wing, the Islamic Action Front. The Brotherhood suffered political decline in the 21st century as a result of policies that ignored domestic Jordanian issues in favor of supporting Hamas and the Palestinian fight against Israel. As a result, it won only six seats in 2007’s elections. (Sources: Al-Arabiya, Al-Monitor, Wall Street Journal, The National, Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs, Middle East Monitor)

Following the outbreak of the Arab Spring in early 2011, the Islamic Action Front (IAF) participated in protests calling for King Abdullah to dissolve parliament and allow the free election of a prime minister. Abdullah dismissed the parliament and appointed a new prime minister charged with instituting political reform in February 2011. In 2012, Abdullah tried to pass a parliamentary bill that would have restricted religious organizations such as the Muslim Brotherhood and its Islamic Action Front from parliament. At a November 2012 press conference, the Brotherhood demanded the king “listen to the people’s demands and embark on real and serious reforms.” The Brotherhood boycotted the 2013 parliamentary elections. (Sources: Huffington Post, Al Jazeera, Associated Press, CNN)

Since the fall of Egypt’s Brotherhood-led government in 2013, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates have banned the group. As a result, the hardliners and reformists within Jordan’s chapter have further divided. The Zamzam Initiative emerged within the Brotherhood following the 2013 election boycott. Zamzam remains committed to the Brotherhood’s Islamist ideals, but opposes the traditionalists’ focus on regional issues over Jordanian affairs. (Sources: The National, Al-Monitor, Times of Israel)

On February 14, 2015, the Brotherhood voted to terminate the memberships of 10 high-ranking members, mostly reformists who wanted to cut ties with the Egyptian Brotherhood. Afterward, 30 Zamzam members filed with Jordan’s Ministry of Social Development to form a new charity called the Muslim Brotherhood Society (MBS) using the same logo. The ministry approved the application on March 3, effectively recognizing the reformist (i.e., Zamzam-created) Muslim Brotherhood over the original Muslim Brotherhood Group (MBG). International Brotherhood branches are independent, and Jordan’s was the only one tied to the Egyptian parent group, according to Abdul Majid Thuneibat, leader of the new Brotherhood. His group’s goal is to end its relationship with “the terrorist group in Egypt.” The Jordanian branch “must become Jordanian and fall under Jordanian law,” he said. (Sources: Christian Science Monitor, Al-Monitor, Al-Monitor, The National, Jordan Times)

The government’s Department of Land and Survey subsequently seized seven properties belonging to the MBG, transferring them to the MBS. Ruheil Gharaibeh, founder of the Zamzam and a co-founder of the MBS, has called on the Jordanian government to dissolve the MBG because it is no longer formally registered to operate within Jordan. In early 2016, Gharaibeh and other Zamzam leaders expelled from the MBG created a new political party called the National Congress Party, which is separate from the new, reformist MBS. (Sources: Al-Monitor, Jordan Times, Washington Post)

The government banned a May 1, 2015, rally by the MBG to mark the Brotherhood’s 70th anniversary. Later in May, the reformist group announced intentions to legally pursue control of the Jordanian Brotherhood’s assets. MBG leader Hammam Saeed called the new organization a “government conspiracy.” Writing in the UAE’s National in March 2015, analyst and journalist Taylor Luck declared the Jordanian Brotherhood to be in the throes of civil war. In December 2015, 400 members of the IAF resigned. According to resigning members, including top leaders of the group, the resignations are the result of almost two years’ of political infighting between the party’s hawks and doves. (Sources: Al-Monitor, Jordan Times, Christian Science Monitor, Jordan Times)

Jordan’s original Brotherhood group decided in February 2016 to cut ties with the larger, international Brotherhood movement. Jordanian analysts believe the group began to see the larger movement as a liability. According to the Brotherhood leadership, the decision is part of reform efforts before elections in March 2016. (Source: Associated Press)

In January 2016, the reformist group, also known as the Muslim Brotherhood Society (MBS), elected Thuneibat to a four-year term as its overall leader. He had previously been elected as the interim overall leader. The MBS elected Sharaf Qudah as its leader in March 2018 after Thuneibat resigned for health reasons. (Sources: Jordan Times, Jordan Times)

Despite the government’s recognition of the reformist MBS over the original MBG, the MBG has continued to have political success. In Jordan’s September 2016 parliamentary elections, the IAF won 10 seats while the MBS won zero. The Zamzam’s National Congress Party won three seats. In August 2017 local elections, the IAF-affiliated Alliance for Reform coalition won 41 out of 88 municipal council seats across the country, as well as three mayoral races. Jordanian analysts predicted that the wins could help the IAF build momentum in future elections. (Sources: Al-Monitor, Middle East Eye, Jordan Times, The National)

In February 2020, Jordan’s Court of Cassation ruled that the MBS was not a successor of the original Muslim Brotherhood group, which had officially dissolved in 1956, and could therefore continue to legally operate in the country. (Source: Middle East Monitor)

Syrian Refugees

Since the start of the Syrian civil war in 2011, Jordan has become host to 657,000 registered Syrian refugees who largely live in Jordan’s urban areas. The largest population of refugees, 177,070, resides in Amman. This has strained Jordan’s already scarce water supplies, the job market, health services, and housing. Jordanian authorities are also concerned that Syrian extremists will take advantage of the porous border and the refugee flow to cross into Jordan. For example, security forces blamed “Assad sleeper cells” for riots in the Zaatari—Jordan’s largest Syrian refugee camp—in April 2014. Also that April, the Jordanian military fired on a convoy of pick-up trucks crossing into Jordan from Syria. The military believed the trucks were smuggling weapons for the Syrian opposition. (Sources: Jordan Times, Washington Times, UNHCR, Economist, United Press International, Al-Monitor)

Syrian refugees largely live outside of the refugee camps in urban areas, impacting Jordanian cities’ economies. Landlords crowd refugees into small apartments at higher rents. Registered Syrian refugees cannot legally work in Jordan so many take more dangerous, low-paying jobs. According to the International Labor Organization, Jordanian unemployment rose from 14.5 percent to 22.1 percent between 2011 and 2014 in areas with high concentrations of refugees. The Hussein neighborhood of Amman, for example, is home to about 4,000 Syrian refugees. Rent and food prices have skyrocketed in the already poor neighborhood. Head of Hussein’s neighborhood council Emad Issayed told the Associated Press in February 2015 that the refugees “impose a real burden” on Jordanians. (Sources: Associated Press UNHCR, Daily Beast, Irish Times, Associated Press)

Planning Minister Imad Fakhoury told the Associated Press that month Jordan may have to restrict the entry of refugees if their presence becomes a threat to Jordan’s stability or security. (Sources:  Associated Press, Associated Press)

Honor Killings

An honor crime is “committed against somebody—mainly women—because this somebody brought dishonor against the family,” according to Director of the University of Jordan’s Center for Women’s Studies Abeer Dababneh. For example, Batool Haddad, a Christian woman in her early 20s, sought to convert from Christianity to Islam in April 2014. Her father and brother murdered her rather than suffer what they considered an insult. An official average of 20 women a year are killed in so-called honor killings in Jordan. Experts believe the actual number to be higher. (Source: Al-Monitor, Al-Monitor, Daily Mail, Al-Monitor, Ammon News)

Murder is punishable by death in Jordan, but Jordan’s legal framework excuses honor crimes, according to Human Rights Watch. Article 340 of the Jordanian legal code states any man who kills or attacks his wife or any female relative while she is committing adultery receives a reduced sentence. The government extended the protection to female attackers against their husbands in 2001. Article 98 of the legal code allows for the reduction of penalties for offenders who commit crimes in a “state of great fury” due to unlawful or dangerous behavior by the victim. For instance, a Jordanian court in February 2014 reduced the sentence of a man convicted of killing his daughter for leaving the house without her husband’s knowledge from life in prison to 10 years. (Sources: Human Rights Watch, Al-Monitor, Agence France-Presse, Agence France-Presse)

Abu Qatada

Omar Mahmoud Mohammed Othman, a.k.a. the Islamist cleric Abu Qatada, is a Jordanian of Palestinian descent whom the United States and United Nations have designated for his support of al-Qaeda. Qatada sought asylum in Great Britain in 1994 after a Jordanian court sentenced him to death. He has been in and out of prison since because of his support of al-Qaeda, the Armed Islamic Group and the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat in Algeria, and Chechen militants. A Spanish judge once described him as Osama bin Laden’s “right-hand man in Europe.” Qatada is accused of spreading radicalism and influencing jihadists such as the September 11 hijackers. The British Home Office has accused Qatada of granting religious legitimacy to people who want to “further the aims of extreme Islamism and to engage in terrorist attacks.” A Jordanian court convicted Qatada in absentia on terrorism charges in April 1999 and sentenced him to life in prison. Qatada has also been charged with encouraging a series of failed bombings in Jordan against Western targets in 1999. (Sources: New York Times, New York Times, U.S. Department of the Treasury, U.N. Security Council, BBC News, Reuters)

British law prevented his deportation because of the risk of torture if he returned to Jordan. Britain and Jordan signed a treaty in April 2013 that guaranteed Qatada a fair trial upon his return, which led to Qatada’s deportation that July. A Jordanian court acquitted Qatada on June 26, 2014. A second Jordanian court released Qatada from prison that September after ruling there was insufficient evidence linking him to terrorism. (Sources: New York Times, BBC News, New York Times, New York Times)

Foreign Fighters

More than 2,000 Jordanians have officially traveled to Syria and Iraq as of the end of 2015. Unofficially, the number is closer to 2,500. Jordanians have primarily joined the Nusra Front. Approximately 350 have reportedly been killed on the battlefield as of May 2015. Authorities have arrested about 400 Jordanians trying to cross into Syria to join jihadist groups. Analysts estimate Jordan hosts some 6,000 to 7,000 jihadi sympathizers, largely among the country’s eastern tribes. These groups have traditionally supported the Hashemite monarchy in exchange for jobs, but higher unemployment rates have fostered jihadist sympathies among younger populations. The government tightened control over its 230-mile border with Syria in 2013 to stem the flow of fighters into Syria and weapons into Jordan. (Sources: The Soufan Group, Reuters, Reuters, Al-Monitor, Al-Monitor, CTC Sentinel)

Jordan’s Salafist leaders have encouraged followers to join the fighting in Syria. Al-Chalabi accuses Syria’s Bashar al-Assad of intentionally killing Sunnis under Iranian orders. In 2012, Jordanian Salafist scholar Abu Mohammad al-Tahawi issued a fatwa calling for jihad in Syria. Al-Chalabi said in June 2013 that more than 500 Jordanian Salafists were fighting in Syria alongside the Nusra Front. He likened the relationship between Jordanian Salafists and the Nusra Front to that between al-Qaeda and Ansar al-Sharia: the groups are linked by ideology but have no formal relationship. (Sources: Associated Press, Al-Monitor, Stars and Stripes, Reuters, Al-Monitor, Al-Monitor)

ISIS

Eighty-five percent of Jordanian fighters had reportedly switched their allegiances from the Nusra Front to ISIS by April 2015. Before the February 2015 revelation of ISIS’s murder of the Jordanian pilot, ISIS reportedly had wide support in Jordan. (Sources: Al-Monitor, Associated Press)

Between August and September 2014, Jordan arrested 80 alleged ISIS supporters in the country. Security officials arrested six alleged supporters in a September 9, 2014, raid in Amman. For instance, in November 2014, Jordanian Hisham Moussa went on trial for using the mobile app WhatsApp to recruit for ISIS. Another Jordanian citizen known only as M.H. went on trial that month for threatening the Australian embassy on Facebook for the country’s role in the fight against ISIS. Jordan’s State Security Court sentenced a man to three years in prison in February 2015 for publishing pro-ISIS statements online. (Sources: Jordan Times, Jordan Times, Jordan Times)

Abu Musab al-Zarqawi

The Jordanian-born Abu Musab al-Zarqawi was the founder of al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), the precursor to ISIS. Before his death, he was the most wanted man in Jordan. In 1989, he traveled to Afghanistan where he trained under al-Qaeda military chief Mohammed Atef. Al-Zarqawi returned to Jordan in 1993 to create a militant Islamist group to overthrow the Jordanian monarchy. He was imprisoned from 1994 to 1999 for several bombing attempts. After his release, he created the paramilitary force Jund al-Sham in Afghanistan. In 2001, Jordan sentenced him to death in absentia for plotting the 1999 Radisson Hotel bombing. Al-Zarqawi became notorious for his videotaped beheadings. He was responsible for the October 2002 assassination of American diplomat Laurence Foley. He is linked to numerous bombings in Iraq and then-U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell named al-Zarqawi the primary link between al-Qaeda and Iraq in 2003. Al-Zarqawi orchestrated a November 2005 triple hotel bombing in Jordan that killed 57 people. Al-Zarqawi died in a U.S. airstrike in June 2006. (Source: Counter Extremism Project)

Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi

Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi is a Jordanian heralded as one of the most prominent Salafist figures in the world. He was a mentor to al-Qaeda’s Iraq branch, but distanced himself over disagreements with the group’s methods including Muslim bloodshed. He was the spiritual guide to al-Zarqawi, whom he later disowned for indiscriminately attacking civilians during the 2005 Amman hotel bombings. Al-Maqdisi has chastised ISIS for declaring a caliphate, calling the group divisive and a “deviant organization.” Regardless, his influence on jihadist fighters has continued. Al-Maqdisi reportedly maintains support for the Nusra Front. Mohammad al-Chalabi also celebrates al-Maqdisi as the “mentor and father of our curriculum.”Al-Maqdisi has been in and out of prison for nearly two decades and has continually denied involvement or complicity in violent terror attacks. In 2008, he was released on lack of evidence and health concerns. In June 2014, authorities allegedly released him to encourage him to speak against ISIS. (Source: Counter Extremism Project)

Sami al-Oraidi

The Jordanian-born Sami al-Oraidi is the Nusra Front’s main sharia authority and reportedly the group’s second-in-command. After the Nusra Front captured 44 Fijian peacekeepers in the Syrian Golan Heights in August 2014, al-Oraidi reportedly ordered their unconditional release. Al-Oraidi has used social media to release sermons and declarations on behalf of the Nusra Front. Al-Oraidi has also used social media to attack ISIS, particularly after the group declared its caliphate in June 2014. He has referred to ISIS’s leaders as “Muslim killers” and declared war on ISIS in a December 2014 sermon posted to YouTube. (Source: Counter Extremism Project)

Karak Attacks

On December 18, 2016, four gunmen carried out a series of attacks in and around the Jordanian city of Karak. Police patrol were responding to calls of a house fire in the town of Qatraneh in the Karak district when assailants began shooting at the officers from within the house, wounding two officers. The gunmen drove away from the house and attacked a police station in Karak, where they wounded several police officers and bystanders. The gunmen then fled to a Crusader-era castle in Karak, where they took 10 tourists hostage. By midnight, Jordanian forces had killed the gunmen and freed the hostages. The attack left 10 people dead, including seven Jordanian security officers, a Canadian tourist, and two Jordanian civilians. The attack wounded 34 people, including 11 police officers, 17 Jordanians civilians, and two foreigners. Jordanian security sources identified the attackers as Jordanian nationals. ISIS claimed responsibility two days after the attacks. (Sources: Jordan Times, Reuters, New York Times, BBC News, Al Jazeera, New York Times, Reuters)

The attack is reportedly the first major assault on a Jordanian civilian site in years. During the siege, dozens of Karak residents were filmed carrying weapons and “pledging to help security forces fight the terrorists.” Following the attacks, Jordanian forces discovered suicide vests and other explosives in the house in Qatraneh. Police also found automatic weapons and ammunition in the castle. According to the Jordanian Interior Ministry, the gunmen were prepared for further attacks. Jordanian Prime Minister Hani Mulki described the attackers as “outlaws” but said that there was no information on their affiliation. (Sources: Wall Street Journal, Jordan Times, Associated Press, New York Times, Reuters)

Attack on Amman Police Training Center

On November 9, 2015, 28-year-old police Captain Anwar Abu Zaid killed two American security contractors, a South African security contractor, and two Jordanians at the Jordan International Police Training Center near Amman. Four Jordanians, two Americans, and one Lebanese citizen were also wounded. Jordanian security forces shot and killed Zaid, who worked as a trainer at the center. The attack took place on the tenth anniversary of the al-Qaeda hotel bombings, which killed 57. A relative described Zaid as “religious but moderate.” During Zaid’s November 13 funeral, thousands of mourners chanted “Death to America, Death to Israel.” Zaid’s family called him a “victim and a martyr” for killing Americans.

Jihadist-linked Twitter accounts praised Zaid as a martyr and called for more lone-wolf attacks against Americans in and outside of Jordan. Jordanian authorities, however, labeled Zaid psychologically disturbed and said he was motivated by financial problems, not jihadist leanings. Interior Minister Salameh Hamad called the attack “personal and isolated” and not related to any extremist group. In December 2015, ISIS praised Zaid as one of the “martyred ‘lone’ knights of the Khilāfah.” (Sources: Reuters, Reuters, Reuters, Associated Press, Jordan Times, U.S. Department of State, Associated Press, MEMRI, Dabiq)

Death of Muath al-Kaseasbeh

On February 3, 2015, ISIS released a video showing the caged immolation of Jordanian air force pilot Lt. Muath al-Kaseasbeh. ISIS had captured al-Kaseasbeh in December 2014 after his plane crashed while flying over Syria. Jordanian state TV reported al-Kaseasbeh had actually been killed on January 3. The video enraged the Jordanian leadership and boosted support among the population for increased military strikes against ISIS. Jordan also hanged convicted al-Qaeda terrorists Sajida al-Rishawi and Ziad al-Karbouli in response. Both had been on death row, and ISIS and demanded their release in exchange for al-Kaseasbeh. On February 8, 2015, Jordan announced it had killed 7,000 ISIS fighters and destroyed 20 percent of the group’s military capabilities in 56 airstrikes over three days. King Abdullah promised Jordan would be relentless in “our war” against ISIS. (Sources: Washington Post, Washington Post, CNN, CNN, Guardian)

2005 AQI Hotel Bombings

An al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) triple suicide bombing at the Radisson, Grand Hyatt, and Days Inn hotels in Amman on November 9, 2005, killed 57 people. Hundreds of Jordanians protested in the streets after the bombings. After the bombings, an AQI Internet post called Jordan “a backyard garden for the enemies of the religion, Jews and crusaders … a filthy place for the traitors.” A second AQI post justified the number of Arabs killed in the attack by calling the hotels “favourite places for the work of [western] intelligence organs.” (Source: Guardian)

Four AQI bombers arrived in Jordan on November 4 and rented a hotel room in Amman. Sajida al-Rishawi and had intended to blow herself up with her husband, Ali al-Shamari, in the Radisson but left behind a piece of her explosives belt. Al-Rishawi’s brother, Mubarak Atrous al-Rishawi, was reportedly AQI founder Abu Musab al-Zarqawi’s deputy. Police arrested her soon after, and Jordan’s state security court sentenced her to death. Authorities identified the other two bombers as Rawad Jassem Mohammed Abed and Safaa Mohammed Ali. Jordan executed al-Rishawi in February 2015 in response to ISIS’s execution of a Jordanian pilot. ISIS had demanded her release as part of an exchange for the pilot. (Sources: Guardian, Guardian, Washington Post, Washington Post)

PFLP Hijackings and Black September

In early September 1970, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) hijacked four Pan Am, Swissair, TWA, and British Overseas Airways planes and brought them to a Jordanian airfield, Dawson’s Field. The PFLP then transferred 127 hostages to an Amman hotel while keeping 56 Jewish passengers and crewmembers hostage at the airfield. The hostages held in the hotel were later released. However, the PFLP demanded the release of terrorists held in Israel, Great Britain, Switzerland, and West Germany for the 56 passengers. Switzerland and Germany agreed. The PFLP blew up the empty planes on September 12. (Sources: BBC News, New York Times, BBC News, New York Times, Middle East Forum, BBC News)

In response to the PFLP’s misuse of Jordanian airfields, Jordan’s King Hussein declared martial law on September 16. Jordanian forces violently cracked down on the PLO within the country over the next 10 days. This action came to be known as Black September. PLO leader Yasser Arafat called for Hussein’s overthrow, and Syrian forces invaded Jordan to support the Palestinians. On September 27, Arab leaders signed a treaty ending the violence. The PFLP freed the remaining hostages at the airfield on September 30 after the United Kingdom released the remaining terrorists from prison. There are varying claims of how many Palestinians died during Black September, ranging from hundreds to up to 15,000. Hussein expelled the PLO in 1971. (Sources: BBC News, BBC News, BBC News)

Jordan undertakes an interagency approach in their response to monitoring and responding to terror related activity. Counterterrorism is primarily handled by the government agency, the General Intelligence Directorate (GID), and is supplemented by the Public Security Directorate (PSD)’s Police Special Operations (PSO) group, which serve as primary responders to terrorist activity and impending attacks. (Source: U.S. Department of State)

Addressing the U.N. Security Council in April 2015, Jordan’s Crown Prince Al Hussein bin Abdullah II identified youth as the primary targets of terrorist recruitment. He called for “swift measures” to stop “feeding the fires of terrorism.” The prince led the Security Council session as Jordan held the rotating presidency. He called for providing young people with tools to counter extremist messages and the creation of networks to persuade youth to “adopt values of coexistence, respect for diversity and rejection of violence.”  (Source: United Nations)

Government Programs

In 2004, King Abdullah chose 180 Muslim scholars to issue the Risalat Amman (Amman Letter), which endorsed an apolitical, tolerant version of Islam and called for peaceful coexistence and mutual respect. The letter also rejected the Salafi-jihadist ideology. The government also organized a conference of Islamic scholars who accepted the Amman Letter and called for co-existence. (Source: International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence)

Since the revelation of ISIS’s murder of a Jordanian air force pilot in February 2015, Jordanian authorities have increasingly arrested suspected ISIS members and other extremists. The government arrested some 90 local jihadists later that month. According to officials, many of those being tried fought in Syria. (Source: Reuters)

Most Jordanian foreign fighters do not return to Jordan. Of those who do return, the most radical are sent to high-security prisons in Jordan. The government established the Community Peace Centre on January 1, 2015, to de-radicalize returned fighters who are less of a security risk. Government-sanctioned clerics preach anti-violence messages at the facility. The center hosted 69 prisoners when it opened. Jordan continued rehabilitation-driven approaches to deradicalization, and in November 2022 Jordan hosted the al-Hol Donor Coordination Conference (the Amman Conference) in northeast Syria. The conference focused on reintegrating foreign fighters held at ISIS detention camps in northern Syria as well as sustainable and safe solutions to repatriating returnees to their home countries. (Source: BBC News, U.S. Department of State)

In January 2023, Jordan’s Armed Forces and the Jordan Military Center for Counter Terrorism and Extremism (MCCTE) underwent training sponsored by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to better employ a whole-of-government counterterrorism approach. During the training, the participants learned about current and emerging threats, terrorist methods in cyber space, use of technologies in terrorism, as well as women, peace, and security in a terrorist context. (Source: NATO)

Legislation

Jordan passed its anti-terrorism law in 2006 in the wake of al-Qaeda’s triple hotel suicide bombing in November 2005. On June 1, 2014, Jordan amended the law to expand government authority to act against suspected terrorists by broadening the definition of terrorism and increasing legal penalties. The law specifically calls for the death penalty for those who commit terrorist acts. Any person joining or maintaining contacts with armed groups or attempting to recruit to such groups, whether inside or outside the country, is also subject to punishment. Those who damage Jordan’s relations with foreign states could also be classified as terrorists. (Sources: Associated Press, United Press International, Jordan Times)

Officials say the law is necessary to “protect the blessing of peace we have had” but free-speech advocates have criticized the act. The Jordan Press Association has rejected the amendments as “illegal and illogical” for equating terrorism perpetrators with journalists who report about them. On July 9, 2015, a Jordanian court sentenced reporter Ghazi Mrayat to 15 days in prison for a July 6 story he wrote for the state-owned Al-Rai daily about a foiled Iranian-backed terror plot. The state had reportedly banned coverage of the plot, and it claimed Mrayat had endangered Jordanian citizens and hurt Jordan’s relations with an unidentified country. Mrayat was at least the fourth journalist imprisoned under the terrorism law in 2015. Others had been accused of “aiding terrorism” and “spreading false news” by reporting on the campaign against ISIS. (Source: Committee to Protect Journalists)

In November 2014, Jordan arrested the Brotherhood’s deputy secretary-general, Zaki Bani Rushaid, after he criticized the United Arab Emirates on Facebook. The Brotherhood condemned his 18-month sentence as a “blow to freedom of speech and the rights of citizens.” (Sources: Jordan Times, Al Jazeera, Associated Press, New York Times)

Executions

Jordan employs the death penalty for terrorism offenses, a practice that global human-rights NGOs have roundly criticized. In March 2017, Jordan executed 10 men convicted of terrorism-related crimes. It was the country’s largest round of executions in two years. The executed included men with links to a 2003 bombing of Jordan’s Iraqi embassy, the September 2016 shooting of writer Nahed Hattar in Amman, and a 2006 shooting attack on a group of tourists in Amman. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch both condemned Jordan’s use of execution as a punishment. (Sources: Telegraph, Human Rights Watch)

Non-Government Counter-Extremism

Jordanian citizens have also undertaken initiatives to combat extremism. Suleiman Bakhit, a comic book author, businessman, and son of former Jordanian Prime Minister Marouf al-Bakhit, has created a comic book to reinforce counter-extremist messages to Jordan’s children. Extremists “preach terrorism as a heroic journey,” according to Bakhit. His sought to provide an alternative to that message using comics featuring original Arab superheroes. More than 1 million copies of his comics have been distributed in Jordanian schools thanks to a government grant. He lost government support, however, when he wrote a post-apocalyptic comic set in a future that did not include the Hashemite monarchy. As of November 2014, he is trying to launch a new company called Hero Factor to continue publishing. (Sources: NPR, New York Times)

No Honor in Crime is an activist group launched in 2009 to campaign for the end of honor killings and profile victims. Other groups, such as the Sisterhood is Global Institute, also seek to end honor killings. (Source: Al-Monitor)

International Organizations

Jordan belongs to the Middle East and North Africa Financial Action Task Force, a regional body to counter terror financing. Jordan’s financial intelligence unit, the Anti Money Laundering and Counter Terrorism financing Unit (AMLU) also belongs to the Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units, an informal network of international financial intelligence units that convenes in Belgium. AMLU is responsible for monitoring and disseminating U.S. sanction-designations. (Sources: U.S. Department of State, Egmont Group)

U.S. Relations

The United States announced plans in February 2015 to increase its annual aid package to Jordan from $660 million to $1 billion through the end of the 2017 fiscal year. The increase is meant to help Jordan absorb Syrian refugees and fight extremism. The U.S. announced the package before ISIS released the video of the Jordanian pilot’s murder in February 2015. The U.S. is also training Syrian rebels in Jordan to fight ISIS. (Source: Reuters, New York Times)

In late October 2015, the United States sent Jordan four planes outfitted with surveillance technology and lasers to be used in monitoring Jordan’s eastern border with Iraq. (Source: Fox News)

ISIS

King Abdullah declared that ISIS could be defeated “fairly quickly,” during a January 2016 interview. Abdullah said he hoped the military engagement would be short term, while longer-term goals should focus on intelligence and education. Abdullah promised an “increased tempo” in Jordanian airstrikes. (Source: CNN)

Jordan joined the international coalition against ISIS on September 23, 2014, to protect Jordan’s “national interests and security.” On February 8, 2015, Jordan announced it had carried out 56 airstrikes against ISIS targets since February 5. The air campaign killed 7,000 ISIS fighters and destroyed 20 percent of ISIS’s military capabilities. King Abdullah promised Jordan would be relentless in “our war” against ISIS. Government spokesman Mohammed al-Momani has called ISIS “a cancer that must be taken out” before “the fire spreads to our house.” Major General Mansour al-Jabour, head of the Jordanian air force, said Jordan would not hesitate to kill ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. As of January 2024, Jordan remained a U.S. partner and coalition member of the Combined Joint Task Force-Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF-OIR). (Sources: CNN, Jordan Times, Guardian, International Business Times, Reuters, New York Times, NBC News, Congressional Research Service)

[ISIS] is an imminent threat for us and the region.... [T]his is a cancer that must be taken out.Government spokesman Mohammed al-Momani

Yemen

Jordan discontinued its air assault on ISIS in Syria in August 2015. The Hashemite kingdom diverted its air force to Yemen to aid Saudi Arabia against Iran-backed Houthi rebels. Jordanian officials said the country remains “an active partner and international contributor” in the coalition against ISIS. Jordan joined the Saudi coalition against the Houthi rebels in March 2015. An unnamed Jordanian official called Yemen’s security “a high strategic interest” for Jordan. Jordan has contributed fighter jets to the Saudi-led coalition, as well as supplying humanitarian supplies to Yemen. King Abdullah said Jordan will “continue to stand by” Yemen and is committed to preserving Yemen’s territorial integrity, protecting its borders, and the security of Yemen’s neighboring countries. (Sources: New York Times, Reuters, Jordan Times, Al Jazeera, Jordan Times)

Security

According to the 2017 Arab Barometer, 97 percent of Jordanians believe their personal security is ensured or fully ensured. This represents a 9-point increase since 2011. Nonetheless, two-thirds of Jordanians worry about a terrorist attack in the country, while 43 percent are “very worried” about the possibility. (Source: Arab Barometer)

Extremism

Only 12 percent of Jordanians consider religious extremism to be a top concern, according to the 2017 Arab Barometer. (Source: Arab Barometer)

A May 2016 poll by the International Republican Institute found that the majority of Jordanians consider ISIS to be a terrorist organization and support Jordanian participation in the U.S.-led anti-ISIS coalition. According to the poll, 89 percent of Jordanians considered ISIS a terrorist organization while only 4 percent did not. The remaining 7 percent responded “Not sure/don’t know.” The poll found that 42 percent consider ISIS “to a large degree” to be a threat to Jordan, while 22 percent believe ISIS threatens Jordan “to a moderate degree.” Respectively, 64 percent and 16 percent of Jordanians agree with international intervention against ISIS “to a large degree” and to “a moderate degree.” Only 25 percent believes that ISIS’s ideology has support in Jordan. Approximately 29 percent of those surveyed attribute this support to “ignorance of religious teachings,” while 9 percent blame “religious fanaticism.” Other reasons cited include “youth are tricked” (3 percent), “financial gains” (12 percent), unemployment (12 percent), “wrong belief that Daesh is Islamic State” (14 percent), and poverty (15 percent). (Source: International Republican Institute)

In contrast, a September 2014 poll by the University of Jordan’s Center for Strategic Studies (CSS) found that 62 percent of Jordanians viewed ISIS as a terrorist group, while only 31 percent viewed the Nusra Front as a terrorist organization. Also that month, 21 members of Jordan’s parliament signed a letter rejecting Jordan’s participation in the coalition against ISIS, calling it “not our war.” In November 2014, editor of the online daily JO24.net Basel al-Okour questioned why Jordan is involved in the fight against ISIS but not in Gaza or Jerusalem, which are “more important to us.” In December 2014, 25 members of parliament, led by Muslim Brotherhood deputy secretary-general Zaki Bani Rushaid, signed a petition protesting “political arrests” of Islamists. (Source: Business Insider)

In May 2015, Jordan’s Lower House Speaker Abdul Karim Dughmi told a visiting team from the U.N. Alliance of Civilizations that Jordan’s population rejects extremism and believes “in dialogue and understanding as the path to a society of justice, stability and tolerance.” (Source: Petra News Agency)

Public cries for revenge and support for Jordanian airstrikes against ISIS swelled following the February 2015 release of a video of ISIS’s murder of a Jordanian pilot. The Jordanian population had previously been critical of King Abdullah’s support for the anti-ISIS coalition. Jordanian analyst Saad Hattar believes Jordanians are “mobilizing for a long war against Islamic State.” (Sources: Washington Post, Reuters, Associated Press)

A Reuters survey of university students in February 2015 found non-religious students generally supported their country’s fight against ISIS after the death of the Jordanian pilot. Religious students, however, tended to support ISIS’s application of sharia. They also blamed the United States and Israel for a propaganda campaign against ISIS in order to tarnish Islam’s image. (Source: Reuters)

Honor Killings

One-third of Jordanian teenagers condoned honor killings, according to a 2013 Cambridge University study. Researchers interviewed 850 teenagers. The study revealed almost half of the boys and one in five girls surveyed thought it justified to kill a woman who brought shame to her family. The study found boys with low education from traditional families were more likely to support honor crimes. Attitudes toward honor crimes stemmed from broader beliefs about patriarchal authority rather than religion. (Source: CNN)

Syrian Refugees

According to the 2017 Arab Barometer, 35 percent of Jordanians in 2016 considered Syrian refugees to be a top concern. A May 2016 poll by the International Republican Institute found that 40 percent of Jordanians support closing the country’s border to Syrian refugees. This represented a 6 percent decrease from 2015. According to the poll, 24 percent of Jordanians support continuing to receive Syrian refugees, an increase from 13 percent in 2015. A clear majority of 65 percent believe that attitudes toward Syrian refugees are getting worse, while 26 percent believes such attitudes remained the same. (Sources: Arab Barometer, International Republican Institute)