Islamism and Islamist Terrorism
Salafism has gradually expanded its influence in Germany, and Salafists remain the primary source for jihadist recruitment in the country. According to the BfV, the pro-violence jihadist Salafist scene was estimated to include 12,150 individuals in 2019, about 46 percent more than in 2015. (Sources: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz)
Banned in Germany, The True Religion (Die Wahre Religion or DWR) is a political Islamist Salafi group that advocates for violent jihad. Founded by Ibrahim Abou Nagie, the group is comprised of a network of German Salafist preachers, who initiated the “Lies! Read!” initiative in 2011, in which the Salafists set up booths and handed out Qurans in Muslim-majority areas in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. Nagie wrote on his website that he discusses the “one true religion” with those who stop by his booth, according to a 2013 intelligence report, and is believed to command a sizable following. The German government banned DWR in November 2016 after authorities found that 140 of the group’s supporters had gone to fight with ISIS in Syria and Iraq. Currently, members occasionally conduct “street dawa” to proselytize, but the group has turned to less public-facing activities. Thus, the BfV believes that current radicalization efforts take place online and in small circles—less so in mosques and national Salafist organizations. (Sources: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Deutsche Welle, Gatestone Institute, New York Times, Niedersächsisches Ministerium für Inneres und Sport, Spiegel Online, Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz)
The BfV estimates that there are likely 28,020 followers of Islamism or Islamist terrorism in Germany. As of December 2019, the BfV has identified 679 individuals as “islamistische Gefährder,” who authorities believe are motivated and capable of carrying out a terrorist attack. Terror attacks and plots in Germany declined overall in 2019, which authorities attributed to increased vigilance in the wake of the 2016 Berlin Christmas market attack. However, the threat of Islamist terrorism remained high due to continued targeting of Germany in jihadist propaganda and as evidenced by thwarted terror plots, including lone wolf attacks. (Sources: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Tagesschau, Deutsche Welle)
On July 28, 2017, 27-year-old Ahmad Alhaw killed one man and injured six others in a stabbing rampage at a Hamburg supermarket. Bystanders outside the supermarket confronted the attacker and overpowered him until the police arrived. The assailant, a Palestinian who applied for asylum in Germany in 2015, was scheduled to be deported after his application was denied. His asylum application had also been in Norway, Sweden, and Spain. Alhaw was reportedly self-radicalized and was known to have watched ISIS propaganda videos online, but did not declare himself to be a member of ISIS or any other terrorist organization. During police interrogations, he revealed that he planned the attack alone and viewed it as his personal contribution to the global jihad. He pled guilty to murder and assault in a court in Hamburg and was sentenced to life imprisonment on March 1, 2018. (Sources: Reuters, BBC News, Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Times of Israel)
In 2016, Germany experienced five terrorist attacks, all of which had ties to ISIS. The December 19 attack at the Christmas market in Berlin was the most notorious, where perpetrator Anis Amri plowed a truck into a crowd of people, killing 12 and injuring 48 others. In July 2016, a Syrian refugee carried out a suicide attack near a music festival in Ansbach that injured 12 people. A few days prior, an Afghan refugee armed with an ax went on a stabbing rampage on a train traveling through southern Germany. On April 16, 2016, German nationals, with ties to Islamist extremists, detonated a bomb at a Sikh Temple in Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, wounding three people. Earlier in the year in February, a 15-year-old German-Moroccan girl identified as Safia S. stabbed a police officer in Hanover. (Sources: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Deutsche Welle, U.S. Department of State, Reuters, New York Times)
German intelligence has been able to disrupt several terrorist plots and attempted attacks. In June 2018, police arrested a Tunisian man in Cologne who was suspected of planning and preparing a ricin attack. In March 2018, a court in Hamburg pressed charges against a Syrian citizen identified as Yamen A., who was suspected to have planned a bomb attack in Germany. A German-Kazakh was convicted for the “preparation of a serious act of violent subversion” in October 2017, after police forces found precursors for the explosive material TATP and his pledge of allegiance to ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. In February 2017, the police arrested a Nigerian and Algerian citizen suspected of preparing a terrorist attack in Germany. Both suspects had previously been in close contact with known militant Salafists. In December 2016, a 12-year-old German-Iraqi boy planted a backpack containing a nail bomb at a Christmas market in Ludwigshafen. The boy was allegedly in contact with other ISIS members via Telegram. Two months prior, police forces in Leipzig arrested Jaber al-Bakr, a Syrian refugee suspected to have links to ISIS, after a two-day manhunt. Police uncovered several hundred grams of TATP and alleged that the suspect had been planning a largescale attack inside the country. (Sources: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Spiegel Online, Washington Post, Independent, Reuters, Hamburger Abendblatt, New York Times, Spiegel Online)
ISIS produces a wide range of German-language propaganda, including videos, pamphlets, blog posts, and magazines. In January 2016, German-speaking jihadists on Twitter released the first issue of the German-language jihadi technology magazine Kybernetiq, which instructs jihadists on effective encryption and identity protection practices. The magazine’s third issue released in December 2017, focused on wiretapping, spyware, and technical communication in Syria. Following ISIS’s March 2016 attacks in Brussels, Belgium, the group released a German-language video calling on German Muslims to carry out similar domestic attacks. In September 2016, the group released a German-language video in which a German foreign fighter Abu Issa al-Almani called for lone wolf attacks in Germany. Al-Qaeda-affiliated jihadists in Syria have also translated their English-language magazine Al-Risalah into German. (Sources: SITE Intelligence, International Business Times, Heavy, Up.Top4.top.net, Sendmyway.com, Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, SITE Intelligence)
As of April 2018, an estimated 1,000 foreign fighters have left Germany and traveled to fight alongside extremist groups in Iraq and Syria since mid-2013. Most of the foreign fighters that left Germany were male and under 30 at the time of departure. An estimated 5 percent were minors and 20 percent were female. Since 2015, the number of new departures has dropped significantly. Of those that left, approximately 150 are believed to have been killed, while roughly a third are believed to have returned to Germany. As ISIS continues to experience military defeat and territorial losses in Iraq and Syria, the BfV expects this number of returnees to increase. (Sources: Combatting Terrorism Center, U.S. Department of State, Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz)
A 2016 study showed that German foreign fighters have returned for various reasons: 10 percent felt disillusioned and frustrated with their situation, 10 percent felt pressured through family and friends in Germany, and 6 percent returned due to health issues. Authorities believe that about 8 percent of returnees left Syria and Iraq to raise money in Germany and Europe and to further support the jihadist cause. Most returnees, however, refrained from explaining their motivation (50 percent). German authorities collected evidence on more than 80 returnees as of April 2018, who actively participated in or received training for combat. According to an unidentified German investigator, returning jihadists are celebrated as “pop stars” in the German Islamist scene. In the majority of cases, however, German authorities have insufficient evidence in order to prove the returnee’s active engagement in the battlefield. (Sources: Combatting Terrorism Center, Deutsche Welle, Soufan Group, Zeit Online, Wall Street Journal, Combatting Terrorism Center, Deutsche Welle, Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Egmont Institute)
German security authorities also monitor the influx of refugees from the Middle East and North Africa. Official figures for the first half of 2018 show that more than 44 percent of asylum applications are submitted by people coming from Syria, Iraq, and Nigeria. Overall, estimates conclude that 1,390,000 refugees have registered in Germany between January 2015 and March 2018. ISIS has reportedly used migratory routes to smuggle fighters into Germany and recruited asylum seekers. Additionally, some refugees have self-radicalized and joined jihadist cells in Germany. (Source: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge, Bundeskriminalamt)
Of the approximately 1,000 foreign fighters from Germany, Denis Cuspert’s story is especially infamous. Born in Berlin in 1975 to a German mother and Ghanaian father, Cuspert joined ISIS’s ranks in 2012. Under his nom de guerre Abu Talha al-Almani, Cuspert was featured in numerous ISIS videos, recorded and distributed Islamic chants, and served as an important online recruiter for the group. Previously during his youth, Cuspert was involved in gangs and convicted for minor offences. He was also a well-known rapper under the name “Deso Dogg.” Cuspert was also known to have seduced an FBI translator who was assigned to investigate Cuspert. In June 2014, the agent, Daniela Greene, traveled to Syria and married Cuspert. Greene returned within weeks of her departure and was later sentenced to two years’ imprisonment. On January 27, 2015, the U.S. Department of State designated Cuspert as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist under Executive Order 13224. While previous reports of his death proved unfounded, Cuspert was ultimately killed in January 2018, during clashes with anti-ISIS forces in Syria. (Sources: Newsweek, Deutsche Welle, New York Times, New York Times, U.S. Department of State, United Nations, Guardian, CNN, Telegraph)
In September 2017, the trial against the Iraqi-born radical Islamist preacher Abu Walaa (a.k.a. Ahmad Abdulaziz Abdullah A.) began at the Supreme Court of Celle, Germany. Walaa was accused of taking “the leading role as the representative of the so-called Islamic State in Germany” and running a “pan-regional Salafist-jihadist network” linked to the perpetrator of the 2016 Berlin Christmas market attack. As of January 2019, Walaa’s trial is still ongoing. (Sources: Schaumburger Nachrichten, Spiegel Online, Telegraph)
In July 2017, a German court sentenced Sven Lau to five-and-a-half years in prison for funding Islamist militants and recruiting jihadists. He was found guilty of supporting the U.S.-designated terrorist group Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (JAMWA). The group was previously affiliated with ISIS, but allegedly switched allegiance to al-Qaeda in 2016. Lau was born in Wuppertal in 1982 and converted to Islam as a teenager. He is a leading figure in Germany’s Salafist scene, and founded the Sharia Police. Members of the group patrolled the streets to enforce sharia law regarding the consumption of alcohol, gambling, and listening to music. (Sources: U.S. Department of State, Deutsche Welle, Express)
Born in Saxony in 1987, Silvio K. was a leading member of the banned Salafist association Millatu Ibrahim and eventually joined ISIS in Syria and Iraq. He appeared in numerous ISIS videos, including one in which he threatens to assassinate German Chancellor Angela Merkel. In July 2014, he appeared in an ISIS video in which he threatened to attack a U.S.-owned nuclear stockpile at the Büchel air base in Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany. Silvio K. was allegedly killed in Syria by fellow jihadists, after he started to distance himself from ISIS. (Sources: Westen, Deutsche Welle, Focus)
In March 2016, a German court sentenced Nils D. to four and a half years’ imprisonment for joining ISIS in Syria. However, new evidence from July 2018 suggested that Nils D. had brutally tortured and killed three people while fighting for ISIS, which could be used to extend his sentence. Born in 1991, Nils D. converted to Islam as a teenager and radicalized by listening to online speeches by German Salafist preacher Pierre Vogel. Nils D. traveled to Syria in August 2013 and joined ISIS’s special assault team six months later. He returned to Germany in 2014 and agreed to cooperate with German authorities, providing key intelligence on the terrorist group’s structure and inner workings. (Sources: Deutsche Welle, Deutsche Welle, Deutsche Welle)
In addition to al-Qaeda and ISIS, German authorities believe there is domestic support for other Islamist groups. In 2017, the BfV estimated that the Muslim Brotherhood had approximately 1,040 supporters, Hezbollah about 950, and Hamas about 320. As of April 2020, German authorities estimated there were approximately 1,050 Hezbollah supporters in the country. In line with the European Union, Germany had previously designated only Hezbollah’s so-called military wing as a terrorist group, allowing its political supporters to freely gather and publicly display flags and other propaganda. Under pressure from the United States and Israel, Germany designated Hezbollah in its entirety as a terrorist organization on April 30, 2020. In conjunction with the ban, German police raided multiple mosque associations across the country that they suspected of providing financial and propaganda support to Hezbollah. Germany’s Interior Ministry issued a statement that Hezbollah’s activities “violate criminal law and the organization opposes the concept of international understanding.” In July 2020, German authorities alleged 50 members of the Al-Mustafa Community Center in the German city-state of Bremen were “involved in the financial support” of Hezbollah by sending funds to Lebanese families of deceased Hezbollah fighters. Al-Mustafa was one of the centers German authorities raided in April 2020. Bremen’s intelligence service Sparkasse previously identified the center in 2018 for fundraising on behalf of Hezbollah. Germany had previously shut down the Lebanon Orphan Children Project in 2014 for sending money to the families of deceased Hezbollah fighters. (Sources: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Reuters, Jerusalem Post, Jerusalem Post, Asharq al-Awsat)
Far-Right Extremism
According to statements made in March 2020, Germany’s domestic intelligence agency, Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV), was aware of 32,000 far-right extremists in the country—13,000 of whom the BfV considers violent. In 2018, far-right extremists were responsible for 1,212 attacks in Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia. Authorities suspect links between the German chapter of the international neo-Nazi group Combat 18 and the June 2019 murder of German politician Walter Lübcke. In July 2020, German Interior Minister Horst Seehofer called rising far-right extremism Germany’s largest concern after a BfV report recorded 22,300 crimes by far-right extremists in 2019, a 10 percent over the previous year. (Sources: Wall Street Journal, The Local, Deutsche Welle, Deutsche Welle)
Combat 18 is a neo-Nazi group that seeks to create white-only countries through violence. The group was established in 1992 in the United Kingdom and is now present in at least 18 countries worldwide. The “18” in the name refers to the first and eighth letters of the English alphabet, A and H, for Adolf Hitler. Combat 18initially drew its membership from white supremacists associated with the Chelsea Headhunters soccer hooligan gang and the British neo-Nazi record label and political organization Blood and Honour (B&H). (Sources: Independent, Internet Archive)
Since 2013, Combat 18 has established cells in seven of Germany’s 16 states. In 2006, a Combat 18 cell in Dortmund smuggled firearms from Belgium and planned assaults on immigrants and politicians. Other German Combat 18 members were convicted in 2017 of illegally importing ammunition to Germany after firearms training in the Czech Republic. The German chapter of Combat 18 released a propaganda video in July 2019 that declared it had decided to go public because Germany had arrived at a point of no return and citizens needed to arm themselves. Combat 18 promotes “leaderless resistance,” encouraging the creation of independent cells and lone-wolf terrorism under the slogan "whatever it takes!” Germany banned Combat 18 in January 2020 after a series of raids on supporters across the country. (Sources: Deutsche Welle, Deutsche Welle, Deutsche Welle, Spiegel Online, Guardian, Right-Wing Terrorism in the 21st Century: The ‘National Socialist Underground’ and the History of Terror from the Far-Right in Germany, 217-218)
The vast majority of far-right crimes are propaganda offenses. Far-right extremist propaganda is often disseminated through music events and festivals, but primarily through the Internet. In its annual crime report for 2019, the Germany’s Interior Ministry noted an increase in anti-Semitic crimes in the country with 2,032 reported incidents, representing a 13 percent increase from 2018. Right-wing extremists were responsible for more than 93.4 percent of anti-Semitic crimes and 90.1 percent of anti-Islamic crimes. Far-right extremists were credited with committing more than half of all politically motivated crimes, which rose by 14 percent in 2019 from 2018. (Sources: Wall Street Journal, NBC News, Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat)
In 2017, the BfV noted a 34 percent decrease in far-right extremist violence compared to 2016. Assaults on refugee accommodations also decreased, down 72.5 percent, but the overall number of attacks was still higher than in 2014. The decrease in violence correlates with the deterring practices of German courts, which have imposed longer prison sentences for far-right crimes—including those committed by the Freital Group and Oldschool Society. The Freital Group (Gruppe Freital, also known as Bürgerwehr FTL/360), a far-right, racist, and anti-immigrant terrorist organization in Saxony, seeks to intimidate political opponents and refugees. The group has no clear organizational structure, but maintains an active social media presence, posting far-right extremist content on Facebook and calling for violent attacks against refugees. Members have reportedly met in pubs and gas stations and communicated through encrypted messaging services to plan attacks. Between June and November 2015, the Freital Group conducted several attacks on refugee shelters and political opponents, using explosives and arson. In March 2018, the eight members were sentenced between four and 10 years’ imprisonment for multiple charges, including membership in a terrorist organization, causing an explosion, and attempted murder. (Sources: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Spiegel Online, taz.de, Zeit online, Spiegel Online)
The Oldschool Society (OSS) began as an online network consisting of members who expressed hatred for migrants on social media and mobile messaging applications. Their Facebook profile reached 3,000 likes before it was removed from the platform. In November 2014, the nine OSS members were found to have been plotting attacks on refugee homes and mosques with nail bombs and arson. Police found weapons and explosives during raids on their homes, and arrested the individuals before any attack was executed. In March 2017, four members of the OSS were sentenced to prison terms between 3 and 5 years for creating a terrorist organization. (Source: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Huffington Post, Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk, Deutsche Welle, Zeit Online, Welt, Süddeutsche Zeitung)
Germany has continued to experience racist violence and protests. Specifically, the far-right has used criminal offenses committed by Muslim immigrants and refugees in order to fuel racism and xenophobia in Germany. Information can be exaggerated, intentionally miscommunicated, or fabricated and is subsequently spread on social media to promote racist rallies and xenophobic violence. On August 26, 2018, a German carpenter identified as Daniel H. was fatally stabbed in Chemnitz. Police arrested two male suspects believed to have been refugees from Syria and Iraq. While details about the crime were initially unconfirmed, racist and anti-immigrant rumors spread rapidly—in particular through social media—triggering far-right extremists and neo-Nazis to rally in the streets of Chemnitz. Estimates concluded that the far-right scene mobilized around 6,000 protesters, while police were outnumbered with only 600 officers. (Sources: Zeit Online, Spiegel Online, CNN, Frankfurter Rundschau)
The Patriotic Europeans against the Islamisation of the West (Patriotische Europäer gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes or Pegida) has become a cornerstone of the far-right scene in Germany. Pegida was established as a Facebook group in October 2014, encouraging people in Dresden to join their weekly Monday marches against what they perceive as the growing influence of Islam in Europe. The movement has spread rapidly, drawing a record crowd of 25,000 marchers in Dresden in January 2015. Supporters have created spin-off groups in other German cities. Among Pegida’s followers are neo-Nazis, hooligans, and members of far-right political parties like AfD and NPD. (Sources: Zeit Online, Deutsche Welle, Spiegel Online, CNN, BBC News, Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung)
The National Democratic Party (Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands or NPD), founded in 1964, is a far-right political party that has advocated racist, anti-Semitic, and revisionist views. NPD’s activities have been motivated by anti-immigrant and anti-refugee sentiments. For instance, anti-immigrant protests erupted at a refugee center in Heidenau, near Dresden, after a visit from Chancellor Angela Merkel. The protests grew progressively violent as NPD members, joined by several hundred neo-Nazis, threw stones and bottles at the police while yelling, “Heil Hitler!” In January 2019, German media reported that NPD members had formed vigilante patrols in the Bavarian town of Amberg in response to a series of violent attacks by asylum-seekers, aged between 17 and 19 from Afghanistan, Syria, and Iran. The NPD posted pictures to social media of its members patrolling the town in vests labeled “We're creating safe zones.” An NPD statement on Facebook declared, “When we say we will create protection zones in Amberg, we mean it.” In 2017, groups of vigilantes also attacked foreigners in the city of Chemnitz after a local was allegedly stabbed to death by a migrant. (Sources: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Berliner Zeitung, Independent, Telegraph, Deutsche Welle, Mittelbayerische Zeitung)
According to a 2017 BfV report, the NPD has 4,500 members. Several members of the NPD’s Executive Committee are known neo-Nazis, including former party chair and Member of European Parliament Udo Voigt as well as deputy chairman Ronny Zasowk. In January 2017, Germany’s Federal Constitutional Court rejected a proposal to ban the NPD. Though the court concluded that the NPD’s political objectives are unconstitutional, a ban was not justifiable due to the party’s lack of influence in German society. In the federal general elections on September 24, 2017, the NPD received 0.4 percent of the votes and failed to gain any seats in the Bundestag, the German federal parliament. However, the BfV believes that the NPD will likely try to regain its leading role within the “national resistance.” (Sources: Reuters, International Business Times, European Parliament, Christian Science Monitor, Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Bundeswahlleiter)
Nonetheless, the 2017 electoral success of the Alternative for Germany (Alternative für Deutschland or AfD)—a right-wing nationalist political party that was founded in 2013—demonstrates some popular support for far-right positions. With 12.6 percent of the vote, the AfD currently occupies 94 seats of the Bundestag and is therefore third-largest party after the Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party. The AfD, whose supporters are primarily located in the formerly communist eastern parts of Germany, attracted attention and gained recognition for its anti-immigration policies. The AfD consists of a moderate and far-right wing, with the latter often holding explicit ethnic and even racist nationalist viewpoints. Party members have also been regularly accused of promoting neo-Nazi ideology and maintaining close contact to known neo-Nazis. However, there is no consensus on how to classify the AfD as a political movement, that is as right-wing populists or neo-Nazis. A 2018 study by Bertelsmann-Stiftung found that the AfD’s electoral success resulted from increasing populism in German society. The AfD had not been under surveillance by the BfV, even though some politicians strongly advocated for such measures after the riots in Chemnitz in August 2018, where the AfD “failed to distance itself.” In mid-January 2019, the BfV announced that it will start monitoring elements of the AfD, focusing its efforts on Björn Höcke who is a leading politician of the party in Thuringia. However, the BfV will not be allowed to gather intelligence information through surveillance and the use of undercover informants, and remains limited to collecting and analyzing open-source material. (Sources: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Deutsche Welle, Bundeswahlleiter, Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Business Insider, Welt, Zeit online, Tagesschau, Bertelsmann Foundation)
In mid-January 2019, the BfV announced that it will start monitoring elements of the AfD, focusing its efforts on Björn Höcke who is a leading politician of the party in Thuringia. At the time, however, the BfV was only allowed to collect and analyze open-source material. The agency was allowed to gather information through surveillance or undercover informants. This changed in March 2020, when the BfV described a faction led by Höcke within the AfD as an extremist organization and a threat to Germany’s democratic order. The faction, Flügel (“wing”), has about 7,000 members, representing approximately 20 percent of AfD’s overall membership. The BfV said it would place Flügel under systematic surveillance, allowing the domestic intelligence agency to recruit informants, keep personal data on file, and monitor phone calls. According to a BfV official, the increased scrutiny comes as the faction is believed to be uniting far-right extremist groups, including neo-Nazis, and coordinating online. On March 20, 2020, AfD’s executive committee voted to dissolve Flügel by April 30, 2020, fearing the faction could bring increased scrutiny to the entire party. (Sources: Deutschlandfunk, Guardian, BBC News, Deutsche Welle)
In June 2020, German media reported that prosecutors were investigating a police officer who allegedly leaked information about the 2016 Berlin terror attack to his AfD associates. Authorities alleged that the officer was in a Telegram chat group with 11 other AfD members and, shortly after the Christmas market attack, passed on internal police information, including forensic details. One of the recipients of the information was a suspect in a series of politically-moticated attacks on left-wing stores and individuals in Berlin. (Source: Deutsche Welle)
On June 23, 2020, Germany’s Interior Ministry banned neo-Nazi group Nordadler (Northern Eagle). That same day, German police carried out raids targeting the group in four federal states: North Rhine-Westphalia, Saxony, Brandenburg, and Lower Saxony. The group operates primarily online, according to a ministry spokesman, and is believed to have more than 30 members. Nordadler members subscribe to a national socialist ideology and pledge allegiance to Adolf Hitler. The group was reportedly planning to establish a Nazi settlement project in rural areas, including paramilitary training camps for youths. The group also operates under the following names: Völkische Revolution (People’s Revolution), Völkische Jugend (People’s Youth), Völkische Gemeinschaft (People’s Community), and Völkische Renaissance (People’s Renaissance). (Sources: Deutsche Welle, Tagesspiel, Deutsche Welle)
On December 1, 2020, Germany banned the neo-Nazi group Wolfsbrigade 44 and raided the homes of 11 members of the group in Hesse, Mecklenburg West-Pomerania, and North Rhine-Westphalia. During the raids, authorities seized the group’s funds and Nazi propaganda, as well as knives, a machete, a crossbow, and bayonets. Founded in 2016, Wolfsbrigade 44 seeks to abolish democracy and reestablish the Nazi regime. The number 44 represents the letters DD, the fourth letter of the alphabet, in reference to Division Dirlewanger, a World War II SS unit led by Nazi officer Oskar Dirlewanger who ordered massacres of Belarusan civilians. (Sources: Associated Press, Reuters)
Selbstverwalter and Reichsbürger
Members of the Citizens of the Reich (Reichsbürger) and Sovereigns (Selbstverwalter) are ideologically diverse but fundamentally reject the legitimacy and sovereignty of the Federal Republic of Germany as well as its existing legal system. Structurally, Reichsbürger and Selbstverwalter either remain to themselves or form small groups. There are currently about 19,000 people that identify as Reichsbürger and Selbstverwalter, 950 of whom are also considered right-wing extremists. Most of them are male and between 40 and 60 years old. Typical criminal offenses of Reichsbürger and Selbstverwalter are verbal abuse, coercion, blackmail, resistance to law enforcement, document fraud and illegal possession of firearms. The BfV noted that the Internet plays a central role in the movement’s propaganda dissemination, radicalization, and recruitment, and that the Reichsbürger and Selbstverwalter started calling for donations online in 2019. (Source: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz)
On March 19, 2020, Germany’s Interior Minister Horst Seehofer announced a ban on a 120-member faction of the Reichsbürger movement known as the United German Peoples and Tribes (Geeinte deutsche Völker und Stämme) and its subgroup Osnabrücker Landmark. The ban marks the first official federal ban of any groups that comprise the movement. That same day, more than 400 German law enforcement officers carried out raids at the homes of 21 of the group’s leaders in 10 states, discovering weapons, propaganda material, and small amounts of narcotics. Seehofer noted that the Reichsbürger movement had engaged in verbal abuse and “massive threats” against government officials and their families. In late November 2020, military authorities began an investigation of eight civilian employees of the German armed forces suspected of belonging to the Reichsbürger movement. (Sources: Deutsche Welle, New York Times, Reuters)
Far-Left Extremism
Left-wing extremists in Germany seek to overthrow the capitalist system and overcome perceived social injustices. The number of left-wing extremists increased from 32,000 in 2018 to 33,500 in 2019, of which 9,200 are considered violent. Though violent acts decreased by 8.8 percent to 921, overall left-wing extremist crimes increased by 39.5 percent—from 6,449 in 2019 compared to 4,622 in 2018. Violent acts include violence against law enforcement and right-wing extremists, as well as government institutions and symbols. The other criminal offenses were comprised of property damage, including arson, threats, and “other offenses.” (Sources: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Deutsche Welle)
The increase in leftist-extremist attacks is primarily attributed to the incidents that occurred during the G20 Summit in Hamburg on July 7 and 8, 2017. What was supposedly planned as a peaceful protest by leftist groups, had soon escalated into violent clashes between leftist-extremists and German police forces. In order to disrupt the course of the summit, protesters threw rocks and Molotov cocktails, caused fires, and looted shops. Police responded with water cannons and teargas. According to government official records, the G20 protests resulted in 186 arrests and 476 injured police officers, in addition to considerable property damage. (Sources: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, CNN, Focus)
Extremism in Germany's Military and Federal Authorities
Islamists, as well as right- and left-wing extremists, are believed to be serving in Germany’s federal authorities and armed forces. The Military Counterintelligence Service (Militärischer Abschirmdienst or MAD) has investigated 300 suspected cases of Islamism in Germany’s armed forces, identifying 24 Islamists within its own ranks since 2011. Citing a military counterintelligence report from April 2016, approximately 29 soldiers went to Syria and Iraq to fight with ISIS. Dr. Christof Gramm, then head of the MAD, expressed concerned that Germany’s armed forces can be “misused as a training camp for violence-ready Islamists.” (Sources: Deutsche Welle, Associated Press, Newsweek, Welt, Zeit Online)
In November 2016, German authorities arrested a member of the BfV on suspicion of making Islamist statements online, encouraging violence and attacks, and sharing agency material. The individual, a 52-year-old German-Spaniard, had converted to Islam in 2014. He was hired by the BfV to surveil the Islamist scene inside Germany. His trial in Düsseldorf in 2017 revealed that he was not a fanatic supporter. A psychiatric expert confirmed his “theatricality and pomposity.” In September 2017, he was sentenced to one year on probation for attempted betrayal of state secrets. (Sources: BBC News, Newsweek, Focus, Frankfurter Allgemeine)
As of August 2020, the MAD was investigating 600 cases of right-wing extremism within its ranks, according to the defense ministry spokesman. Most of the offenses were related to propaganda and racist commentary, resulting in financial penalties or dismissal. However, an army lieutenant identified as Franco A. was arrested in 2017 for planning a “grave act of violence against the state.” Franco A. posed as a Syrian refugee and planned a terrorist attack on high-ranking political figures. He intended to frame refugees for the attack in order to fuel anti-immigrant sentiments about refugees in Germany. In December 2018, five police officers in Frankfurt were suspended on suspicion of forming a neo-Nazi cell. They exchanged right-wing extremist and racist messages in a chat group and threatened to kill the daughter of a German-Turkish lawyer. (Sources: Süddeutsche Zeitung, Deutsche Welle, Deutsche Welle, Deutsche Welle, Deutsche Welle, Guardian, Voice of America)
Since Germany abolished its compulsory military service, suspected cases of left-wing extremism within the armed forces notably decreased. (Source: Tagesspiegel)
Authorities warned that these suspected Islamist, far-right, and left-wing extremists were utilizing the army’s training in order to prepare for domestic or international attacks. Consequently, the MAD has intensified its security checks on those applying for the military, resulting in several applicants being denied. (Sources: Telegraph, Daily Mail, Deutsche Welle)
On May 28, 2020, the German parliament swore in Eva Högl as its overseer of the German military, the Bundeswehr. Högl will head a new defense ministry task force created to probe extremist elements within the Germany military. The move comes two weeks after police raided the home of a soldier in the elite special operations unit, Kommando Spezialkräfte (KSK). The soldier had been under investigation since 2017 for suspected ties to the far right and was found to possess a cache of weapons and explosives. On June 30, 2020, the German defense minister announced the disbanding of the KSK’s 2nd Company, after a report by the defense ministry’s task force found that 20 of its members were linked to right-wing extremism. As a result, some of the 70 soldiers from the disbanded company would be reassigned to one of the KSK’s three other combat units. The 2nd Company was officially disbanded on August 1, 2020. In July 2020, the Bundeswehr admitted that it was missing more than 60,000 rounds of ammunition and 137 pounds of explosives, in addition to another 48,000 rounds from the KSK. (Sources: Deutsche Welle, BBC News, NPR, Deutsche Welle, Voice of America)
In June 2020, German Chancellor Angela Merkel’s coalition cabinet began the process to amend Germany’s Military Act to help expedite the firings of soldiers disciplined for extremism and other severe misconduct. Currently, professional soldiers with more than four years of service can only be removed through lengthy dismissal procedures, and the proposed amendment seeks to raise the threshold to eight years. The Bundestag, Germany’s lower house of parliament, must approve the decision. The cabinet’s plan, supported by Defense Minister Kramp-Karrenbauer, comes after a spate of largely far-right incidents within the Bundeswher’s ranks. (Source: Deutsche Welle)
On September 24, 2020, the German government dismissed the head of MAD, Christof Gramm, after a string of scandals highlighted instances of far-right extremism within the military. Though Gramm attempted to introduce internal reforms to address extremism during his five-year tenure at the helm of the military counterintelligence service, cases of far-right extremism in the armed forces increased. (Source: New York Times)
Separate from the MAD’s investigations, the BfV released a report in October 2020 that recorded more than 1,400 cases of suspected far-right extremism among the country’s soldiers, police officers, and intelligence agents. The report, which covered a period beginning in January 2017 and ending in March 2020, is the first attempt to document far-right infiltration of German security services—as recorded by the state and federal police authorities, the intelligence services, and the armed forces. State authorities documented 319 cases, federal agencies reported 58, and an ovewhelming majority were reported by the military with 1,069 suspected cases of extremism. (Sources: New York Times, Washington Post)