"It confronted European officials with a new reality," comments Hans-Jakob Schindler, founder and current director of the Counter Extremism Project (CEP)—based in New York and Berlin—and former head of the UN Security Council's Sanctions Monitoring Team against the Islamic State (Daesh), Al Qaeda, and the Taliban. "They no longer only had to monitor terrorists leaving Europe to join the caliphate. Above all, they had to ensure that they did not return from Iraq or Syria and closely monitor their networks here, determined to attack on European soil."