CEP Senior Director Dr. Hans-Jakob Schindler writes: “The Muslim Brotherhood has always been exceptionally difficult to counter in the West. While there’s a clear track record of individuals connected to the Brotherhood’s network who later appeared in Al-Qaeda and other terrorist organizations, the group has been strategically careful never to explicitly promote or call for violence in Western countries. This created a significant challenge: the relationship between the Muslim Brotherhood and direct violence has always been tactical and geographically limited. The organization has used violence in Türkiye, Syria, and Egypt, but deliberately avoided it in Europe and North America, allowing it to claim protection under freedom of religion and speech.”