Warfare today is increasingly unconventional, and the need to ensure online security against a modern host of threats is paramount. But more than ever, those threats are testing Europe’s ability to maintain a safe and secure virtual space. In Western Europe, a new wave of terrorism is being driven by extremist propaganda and plots coordinated through social media. Research by the Counter Extremism Project, for example, shows that JustPaste.it – a Polish platform set up by a student to upload images, text and video at no cost – continues to host extremist content. In July 2017, JustPaste.it admitted it is struggling to address this malicious use of its platform, despite efforts that have included partnering with law enforcement agencies. ISIS has used JustPaste.it to upload everything from announcements to images of beheadings and mass executions.